tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23603150587069137652023-11-15T09:12:35.148-08:00Науката и РазумътВ този блог ще публикувам както научни и образователни материали, така и мои мисли, свързани с история, политика, философия.Лъчезар П. Томовhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11477535341699399087noreply@blogger.comBlogger33125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2360315058706913765.post-82721087066860581272010-03-07T03:20:00.000-08:002010-03-07T04:10:10.615-08:00Практически Диалози VII - Правило на аргументационната схема<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> 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</style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">VII.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Правило на аргументационната схема.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Никой участник в спора не бива счита тезата си за успешно защитена, ако защитата не протече по <b style="">подходяща</b> аргументационна схема, която трябва да бъде <b style="">коректно приложена</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Аргументационната схема като по – общо понятие обхваща начина на подредба на представените аргументи, т.е. валидността на тяхното навързване.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Аргументационната схема е <i style="">подходяща</i>, ако е приемлива и за двете страни на диалога, което не означава, че е приемлива изобщо, т.е това е комуникационна, а не логически коректна дефиниция. Все пак общото значение на термина „подходяща” означава логически, а не вероятностни аргументи (в общия случай от вероятностни аргументи не може да се изведе детерминистично твърдение).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Схемата е <i style="">коректно приложена</i>, ако чрез нея може да се отговори на критичните въпроси към тезата. <i style="">Коректността на приложението</i> имплицитно е свързана с логичността на аргументите.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Нарушенията възникват в етапа на аргументиране:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Използване на неподходяща аргументационна схема.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Некоректно прилагане на аргументационна схема.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Нарушение 1:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Използване на неподходяща аргументационна схема.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Използват се вероятностни аргументи, вместо логически:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Позоваване на авторитет<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Популистки аргумент („много хора твърдят, че...”)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Първото правило на магьосника (Т.Гудкайнд) – приемане на дадено твърдение за вярно, поради желание то да бъде вярно или страх от възможността да е вярно.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Анекдот – <i style="">„Един от основоположниците на квантовата теория – Макс Планк на младини отишъл при 70г професор Филип Жоли и му казал, че е решил да се занимава с теоретична физика.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">-Млади човече – отвърнал му известният учен – защо искате да зачерните живота си – теоретичната физика в основни линии вече е завършена... Струва ли си да се захващате с такава безперспективна работа?!”<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Иван:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Милиони хора слушат чалга, но аз не, да не би да съм глупав, че не съм я оценил?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Андрей</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">: <span style=""> </span>Естествено, че си глупав, Иване, щом милиони я слушат, тя е новата класика! Вдъхновяваща, извисяваща душата, носител на високо-морални послания като ”тигре, тигре, имаш ли пари - хубави жени” От днес нататък само нея ще пускаме<span style=""> </span>в<span style=""> </span>шоуто!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">„Искам, следователно мога”<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Първанов:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Не ви ли е срам, че казахте, че съм млад милиардер?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Дянков</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">: <span style=""> </span>Не съм казал, че сте млад милиардер, а че не сте млад!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Първанов</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<span style=""> </span>Тоест, казали сте, че съм милиардер?!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Дянков</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<span style=""> </span>Вас ви е страх някой да не разкрие, че имате много пари, затова откривате в моето отрицание на младостта ви потвърждение на тезата, че сте милиардер.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Нарушение 2:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Некоректно прилагане на аргументационна схема.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Симптоматични заблуди<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 89.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Некоректно позоваване на авторитет – Авторитетът е вероятностен аргумент, който в общия случай <span style=""> </span>няма тежест дори при коректна употреба, поради което некоректната употреба няма да бъде разглеждана.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 89.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Прибързано обобщение.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Фалшива аналогия – най – честата фалшива аналогия е представянето на сходство между две системи като еквивалентност, т.е. приемането на подобието за еднаквост.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Причинно – следствени (каузални) заблуди<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 89.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Post hoc ergo propter hoc – приемане на корелацията за каузалност,<span style=""> </span>последователността на събитията като достатъчно доказателство за връзка между тях.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 89.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Системен провал – разглеждане на еднопосочна връзка между две събития, когато те са в обща система. Това обобщава няколко частни случая на логически заблуди. Виж <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://raylight.blog.bg/lichni-dnevnici/2008/12/05/logicheski-zabludi-vi-prichinno-sledstveni.262620">http://raylight.blog.bg/lichni-dnevnici/2008/12/05/logicheski-zabludi-vi-prichinno-sledstveni.262620</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Епизод I<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Шеф:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Колкото пъти те погледна, ти все не работиш!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Работник</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">: <span style=""> </span>Но, шефе, ти все ме гледаш в края на всеки час, а аз тогава си взимам почивката по регламент, нали работя с компютър. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Епизод II <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Шефът започва да следи през пет минути работника си. Работникът подскача всеки път, когато го погледнат, губи концентрация и се разсейва.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Шеф:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Сега те гледам през пет минути и ти все гледаш нервно и зяпаш монитора, като че ли за пръв път работиш!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Работник</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">: <span style=""> </span>Шефе, така е откакто ме гледате през пет минути.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">„<i style="">Всичко на този свят, което е хубаво, или е забранено или се пълнее от него</i>”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">„Щом <i style="">погледнах мача и веднага ни вкараха гол. На карък съм му</i>”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Левичар:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Организацията на бойскаутите прилича на тази на Хитлерюгенд, следователно американците промиват мозъците на децата.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Десен</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">: <span style=""> </span>Бойскаутите се учат да помагат на другите, да постигат целите си, да се борят за убеженията си. Възпитават ги в добродетели.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Левичар:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Възпитаването на добродетели е промиване на мозъка!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Десен:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>А отрицанието на добродетелите защита от промиване на мозъка ли е? Само лош човек може да мисли така.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Левичар:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Те ги карат насила да бъдат добри!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Десен:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>За разлика от Хитлерюгенд, членството в бойскаутската организация е доброволно начинание. Промиването на мозъци означава да заставиш противника да те слуша, докато не се съгласи с теб, без значение дали имаш аргументи или не, докато възпитанието на бойскаутите се постига чрез лични примери, които те избират да следват, защото отговарят на вътрешните им потребности.<o:p></o:p></span></p> Лъчезар П. Томовhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11477535341699399087noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2360315058706913765.post-17714586432554862162010-01-02T12:05:00.000-08:002010-01-03T01:51:11.965-08:00Практически Диалози VI - Правило на отправната точка (изходната точка)<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> 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l2:level1 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:Symbol;} ol {margin-bottom:0cm;} ul {margin-bottom:0cm;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">VI.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Правило на отправната точка (изходната точка)</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Никой участник в спора не бива лъжливо да представя предпоставка като приета отправна точка, нито да отрича предпоставка, приета като отправна точка.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Дискусията трябва да има отправна точка, някаква база от твърдения, с която всички участници са съгласни, за да може изобщо да бъде проведена. Всеки опит за подмяна на тази база ще подмени и изводи, които произтичат от нея.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Нарушенията са основно три типа и възникват в етапа на аргументиране:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Отричане на приета отправна точка.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Лъжливо представяне на твърдение като приета отправна точка.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Отричане на несъществуваща отправна точка.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Нарушение 1:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Отричане на приета отправна точка.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Арам:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Отричането на геноцида над арменците е лошо нещо, защото създава възможността за неговото повторение.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">Tюрк</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Но ние не отричаме геноцида, защото не е имало геноцид, как да отречем нещо, което не съществува?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Пижо:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Пендо, оти Земята не е кръгла, ма?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Пенда:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Що викаш, бре, серсем, како да не е кръгла?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Пижо:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Е, па, нали е плоска?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Нарушение 2:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style=""> </span>Лъжливо представяне на твърдение като приета отправна точка.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Изказване на неверни предпоставки в твърдения.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Базиране на въпроси на неверни предпоставки.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Представяне на собствената позиция като отправна точка на дискусията.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Адвокат:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Ако приемем, че всеки се стреми да надлъже другия, то работата на адвокатите е да защитава престъпниците от правосъдието, а на обинителите е да защитят правосъдието от престъпниците.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Съдия:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Не сме приели такова нещо, целта на правосъдието е доказуемата истина. Работата на адвоката не е да защитава обвиняемия от правосъдието, а от липсата на правосъдие и да изтъкне максимално аргументите, които оневиняват обвиняемия, а не да си измисля такива.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Прокурор:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>И ние ли да не измисляме обвинения, когато лисват такива? Ще ни отиде работицата!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Пролетариат:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Държавата ми дължи пари, достатъчно, за да живея в охолство!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Другите:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Защо ще ти дължи тези пари, има да ти връща надвзети данъци ли?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Пролетариат:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Защото имам право да живея богато!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Другите:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Имаш право да живееш толкова богато, колкото си изработиш.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Зиези:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Защо всички мразят Българите? Нима не сме направили толкова много за световната цивилизация? Или именно затова ни мразят.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Другите:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Не мразим Българите. Не харесваме само теб, а ти не си Българите.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Нарушение 3:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Отричане на несъществуваща отправна точка.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Отрицание на несъществуващи отправни точки в твърдения.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Отрицание на несъществуващи отправни точки във въпроси.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Митьо - физика:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Що за глупост е да се смята времето за дискретно? Това би променило всички основни зависимости във физиката!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Пешо – теорията</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">: Никой не смята времето за дискретно, що за глупост ти е хрумнала да твърдиш, че мислим, че е? По – скоро пространството е дискретно, няма начин да съществуват всички възможни разстояния с произволна точност.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Политик:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Тъй както всички тук сте приели, че истината е крайната цел на правораздаването, ще трябва да се възпротивя на тази идея – главната цел на правораздаването е да раздава право, без значение на кого и за какво, важното е общият баланс престъпление – наказание да бъде спазен!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Адвокатите:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Ама ти за какви ни вземаш? Никога не сме смятали истината за цел на каквото и да било, тя по – скоро е нещото, покрай което, но не и през което, се формира правораздаването!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Пияница 1:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Сл’ша, ти мо’е и да н’мъ уважа’иш, но и аз н’тъ уважа’им повИче!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Пияница 2:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Виж к’о, мо’и да си мис’иш, ч’ н’тъ уважа’им и да н’си прав, нУ след като така ми прика’ваш, няма та уважа’им повИчИ!<o:p></o:p></span></p> Лъчезар П. Томовhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11477535341699399087noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2360315058706913765.post-36928578558367707132009-11-03T14:02:00.000-08:002009-11-03T14:03:40.280-08:00Практически Диалози V - Правило на неизразените предпоставки<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> 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{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt;} @list l0:level3 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:right; text-indent:-9.0pt;} @list l0:level4 {mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt;} @list l0:level5 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt;} @list l1 {mso-list-id:1450587048; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-803827634 67239947 67239939 67239941 67239937 67239939 67239941 67239937 67239939 67239941;} @list l1:level1 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:Wingdings;} ol {margin-bottom:0cm;} ul {margin-bottom:0cm;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">V.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Правило на неизразените предпоставки</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Участникът не може да се отрича от свои предпоставки, които не са явно изразени или фалшиво да представя като предпоставка, нещо което не е явно заявено от другата страна.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Идеята е, че в изказаните аргументи често има неявно приети условия (предпоставки), и когато те съществуват, това не трябва да бъде отричано, нито да се вменяват предпоставки, там където не съществуват.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Нарушенията са основно три типа и възникват в етапа на аргументиране:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Вменяване на твърдение чрез пресилване на неявно приетата предпоставка отвъд това, което е имал предвид опонентът, преувеличение.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Вменяване на твърдение чрез изкривяване на смисъла на неявно приетата предпоставка – изкуствената и подмяна – „<i style="">слагане на думи в чуждите уста</i>”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Отричане на собствено твърдение (отрицание на неявно приетата предпоставка в собствената теза) – „<i style="">мразя негрите, но не съм расист</i>”.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Нарушение 1:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Вменяване на твърдение чрез пресилване на неявно приетата предпоставка.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Симеон II</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">: <span style=""> </span>Българският манталитет има нужда от промяна – трябва да се смени чипът на българите.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ББорисов:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Смяташ българският манталитет за отвратителен, така ли? Защо тогава дойде тук?!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Симеон II:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Смятам, че има място за неговото подобрение, не съм казвал, че е отвратителен.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ББорисов:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Само извърташ тука. Забранявам да се използва думата „чип”, освен ако не е за носа на Милошевич (отива да играе футбол).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Буда:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Висшата мъдрост се крие в отрицанието на плътта и нейните желания.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Буда-ла:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Глупак ли ме наричате учителю, щом си хапвам вкусно и имам жени?!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Жена:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Мъжо, харесва ли ти новата ми рокля?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Мъж:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Малко ти е тясна, миличка.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Жена:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Дебела ли ме наричаш, кретен?!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Нарушение 2:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Вменяване на твърдение чрез изкривяване на смисъла на неявно приетата предпоставка.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Мъж:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Миличка, ако ходиш заедно с мен на фитнес ще имаш стегнато тяло.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Жена:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Толкова грозна ли ти се виждам? /<b style="">Нарушение 1: </b>Толкова ли съм отпусната/<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Буда:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Висшата мъдрост се крие в отрицанието на плътта и нейните желания.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Буда-ла:<span style=""> </span>Низш</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> ли ме наричате учителю, щом си хапвам вкусно и имам жени?!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Лъчо:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Понякога не ме разбираш, миличко.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Диана:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Толкова ли си сложен, че да не те разбера? /<b style="">Нарушение 1</b>: Толкова ли съм проста, че да не те разбера?/<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Нарушение 3:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Отричане на собствено твърдение (собствена неявно изразена предпоставка).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Мразя комунизма и социалното неравенство<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Не съм социалист, но съм за прогресивно данъчно облагане.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Дразнят ме циганите, но не съм расист.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Не обичам национализма, но си мечтая за България на три морета<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Не искам да кажа, че Бойко Борисов е прост, но погледнете го – той две изречения не може да върже.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Лъчо:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Не ми се отдава да споря с хората, все искат да оспорят правотата ми с насилие.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Диана:<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Това е, защото винаги смяташ, че си прав.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Лъчо:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Не смятам, че винаги съм прав, просто неправилно оспорват правотата ми. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Феновете:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Ние винаги подкрепяме любимия отбор и пеем само за Победа!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Футболистите:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">А защо ни биете, когато загубим тогава?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Журналист:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Г-н Дянков, какви са вашите приоритети като финансов министър – да постигнете облекчения за засегнатите от кризата хора, или да постигнете балансиран, пълен бюджет.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Дянков:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Нашите приоритети са да облекчим от данъчно бреме хората, като постигнем балансиран бюджет<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Журналист:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Но вие не можете да балансирате бюджета, ако намалите данъците?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Дянков:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Кога съм казал, че ще намалим данъците?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Журналист:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Вие току – що казахте, че искате да облекчите от данъчно бреме хората.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Дянков:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Да, но не като намалим данъците, а като напълним бюджета. Парите са бреме, нека то бъде наше бреме.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> Лъчезар П. 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class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">IV.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Правило на свързаността (релевантността).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Защитата на дадена теза трябва да използва само аргументи, които имат отношение към тезата.</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Идеята е, че след като е установена разликата в мненията, защитата на тезата може да стане единствено с аргументи, които имат отношение към нея, иначе би се променила и самата теза.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Нарушенията настъпват във фазата на аргументацията.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Основните нарушения са :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Аргументите нямат отношение към тезата.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Защитата на тезата използва други средства освен аргументация.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Нарушение 1:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Аргументи без отношение към тезата.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Диана:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style=""> </span>Тази комедия беше глупава.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Лъчо: <span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Защо говориш така, добре се посмяхме.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Диана:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Не съм казала, че не ми е харесала, а че е глупава, Лъчо.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Стефан:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style=""> </span>Смятам хубавичко да те понапляскам.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Боби:<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Не, няма да ме напляскаш, идиот, защото не се казва така. „Ще те набия” се казва.<b style=""><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Найо:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Господин цариер (цар - премиер) Сакс-Кобург-Готически, защо искате да присвоите тези имоти? Те не са ваши.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Симеон:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Как да не са мои, аз съм цар!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Найо:<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Цар на какво? На хазарта? <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Симеон:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>На България, господин грешен чип!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Найо</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<span style=""> </span>Какво общо има това, че сте цар, с претенцията за имотите ви? Те са на интендантството, което е държавна структура, не лично на семейството ви.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Симеон:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Аз съм цар и ми принадлежат.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Нарушение 2:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Защита на тезата с други средства.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 89.45pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Обръщение към емоциите (съжаление, любов, гняв)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 89.45pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Аргумент на силата (заплаха със саморазправас)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 89.45pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Отклоняване на вниманието.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 89.45pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Позоваване на авторитет.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 89.45pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Бягство.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примерите са за самостоятелна разработка на образования читател.<o:p></o:p></span></p> Лъчезар П. 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style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">III.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Правило на тезата.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Атаката над дадена теза на другата страна, трябва да е свързана със самата теза, изказана от опонента.</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Идеята е, когато опонентът изкаже своята теза, да отговорим на нея, а не на друга теза, т.е. <i style="">да не сменяме темата</i> и да не <i style="">оставяме тезата висяща</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Съществуват три основни типа нарушения</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;" lang="EN-US">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 71.45pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Wingdings;" lang="EN-US"><span style="">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Приписване на лъжлива теза на опонента.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 71.45pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Wingdings;" lang="EN-US"><span style="">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Изопачаване на тезата на опонента.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 71.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Смяна на темата.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Нарушенията на това правило често спадат към „избирателно опровергаване на твърдения” от логическите заблуди.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Нарушение 1:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Приписване на лъжлива теза на опонента</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 71.45pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Приписване на вижданията на групата, към която принадлежи опонентът (аргумент на наследяването).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 71.45pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Създаване на несъществуващ опонент.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 71.45pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Тълкуване на липсата за подкрепа към дадено твърдение, като негово отричане (фалшива дилема).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">„Който не подкрепя пасивната външна политика на Европа е отявлен милитарист”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Дездемона:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style=""> </span>Не съм сигурна, че душенето по време на секс е добра идея.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Отело:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Вие, жените, сте много крехки същества, естествено, че няма да искате.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Партията:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Трябва да увеличим разходите за<span style=""> </span>войската и да намалим парите за земеделието.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Членовете:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Защо искаш от нас, да умрем от глад, партио, любима?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Партията:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Защото врагът дебне! Западният милитаризъм бесней пред прага ни и трябва да сме силни, за да потушим атаката в зародиш, още докато те самите не знаят, че искат дани атакуват! Време е за световна (спестовна) революция!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Нарушение 2:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Изопачаване на тезата на опонента</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 71.45pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Изваждане на изрази от контекста.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 71.45pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Свръх – опростяване или преувеличаване на тезата.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 71.45pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Не чул, не разбрал – комуникационна тактика за игнориране на неудобни моменти от тезата на опонента.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">„Тя ме смята за гений. Хората не обичат по – умните от тях. Защо тя ми завижда, че съм умен?”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Еволюционист:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Смятаме, че човекът и съвременните примати имат общ предшественик преди милиони години.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Креационист:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Щом искате да сте произлезли от маймуни, прав ви път, ние опашки не сме рязали, а крила сме свалили.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Левскар:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Смятам, че не е хубаво да се желае злото на друг отбор в Европа, не само защото е проява на простащина и злоба, но и защото българските футболни отбори имаме общ интерес навън чрез коефициента на България.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ЦСКА-р:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Ти кого наричаш, простак, бе, говедо? Искаш ли да те прасна между рогите?!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Бойко:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>За пореден път ви казвам – вие сте откраднали 5 милиарда излишък от българската хазна, т.е. от данъкоплатците!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Серго:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Какво?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Бойко:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Откраднали сте пари!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Серго:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Какво?!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Бойко:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Пари<span style=""> </span>сте Откраднали!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Серго:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Как смеете? В Париж не сме пропаднали!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Бойко :</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Не Париж, а пари и не сте пропаднали, а сте ги открадналиии!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Серго:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Нищо не чух, тая маймуна само ми подскача на бюрото<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Бойко</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>- Пресяга се и перва зад врата <b style="">Серго</b>, чийто врат става с цвета на наследените му по съветска линия задни части<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Нарушение 3:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Смяна на темата</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Курсов проект на читателя.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <span class="fullpost"></span>Лъчезар П. Томовhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11477535341699399087noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2360315058706913765.post-7658044927072932672009-08-09T01:14:00.000-07:002009-08-09T01:17:01.106-07:00Практически Диалози II - Правило на бремето на доказателството<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> 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mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:71.45pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:Symbol;} @list l2 {mso-list-id:2014062637; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:292344856 67239947 67239939 67239941 67239937 67239939 67239941 67239937 67239939 67239941;} @list l2:level1 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:71.45pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:Wingdings;} @list l3 {mso-list-id:2111117853; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-145881916 67239937 67239939 67239941 67239937 67239939 67239941 67239937 67239939 67239941;} @list l3:level1 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:71.45pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:Symbol;} ol {margin-bottom:0cm;} ul {margin-bottom:0cm;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">II.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Правило на бремето на доказателството.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Страна в дискусията, която изкаже дадено твърдение е задължена да го защити, ако другата страна поиска.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Идеята е, че ако само настоим на дадено твърдение без да го защитим, няма разумна причина за ответната страна да го приеме и по този начин няма надежда да се разреши разликата в мненията (да се установи вярното, ако само едно е вярно).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Нарушенията на това правило се случват при изказване на тезите и в етапа на конфронтация на мненията.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Съществуват три основни типа нарушения</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;" lang="EN-US">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 71.45pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Wingdings;" lang="EN-US"><span style="">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Прехвърляне на бремето на доказателството на другата страна.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 71.45pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Wingdings;" lang="EN-US"><span style="">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Защитаване от необходимост за доказване.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 71.45pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Wingdings;" lang="EN-US"><span style="">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Избягване на бремето на доказателството.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Нарушение 1:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Прехвърляне на бремето на доказателството.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 71.45pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Принуждаване на ответната страна да докаже обратното твърдение, когато то е негативно – <b style="">некоректна логика</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 71.45pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Отказ от защита на мнението и прехвърляне на задачата на противника – да докаже обратното твърдение.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">„Ваша работа е да докажете, че сте невинни, не наша да доказваме, че сте виновни”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Пешо:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Смяташ ли, че да пиеш текила с бира е добра идея?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Гошо:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Умнико, кажи ми защо да не е добра идея?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Диана: <span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Лъчо, не бива да ядеш по цял ден месо, вредно е.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Лъчо:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Аз казвам, че бива и докато не ми докажеш обратното, съм на това мнение!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Р. Овч</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<span style=""> </span>България спечели „сумати’ пари” от моята сделка с газа.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Р.Петков:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Ама ти сериозно ли?!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Р. Овч</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<span style=""> </span>Е, докажи ми, че 100% скок на цените не е добро нещо за страната и аз ще ти повярвам...<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Нарушение 2:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Защитаване от необходимост за доказване.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 71.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Представяне на твърдението като очевидно.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 71.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заставане с авторитет зад твърдението.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Лъчо:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Смятам, че Русия досега ни е причинявала само беди в нашата история.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Диана:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Защо смяташ така?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Лъчо:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Не е ли очевидно?!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Г. Първанов:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Спането с 15 годишни ямболийки не е лошо нещо!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Публика:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Законът го забранява.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Г. Първанов:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Заставам с авторитета си на Президент на Р. България зад това си твърдение.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Публика:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Линч! (<i style="">нахлува към сцената, понесла в ръце столове и маси</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Нарушение 3:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Избягване на бремето на доказателството.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 71.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Имунизиране на мнението срещу критизицъм („<i style="">трябва да си луд, за да не се съгласиш с мнението ми</i>”).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 71.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Отклоняване на вниманието (добре познат похват)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 71.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Приключване на темата („<i style="">Аз казах Хау!</i>”).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">„</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Моите<span style=""> </span>твърдения, че геноцидът е полезно нещо срещат яростна <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">съпротива – хората са толкова докачливи.<b style="">”<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Хъмфри:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style=""> </span>Това уиски ми се струва твърде остаряло, за да го пия.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Парслоу:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Хубавото уиски само става по – хубаво с годините.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Хъмфри:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Сър, казвате го само защото сте шотландец.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 106.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.2pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Вожд:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Белите трябва да бъдат избити, защото носят само болести, а и не могат да скачат.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Старейшина:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Белите ни дадоха Огнена Вода, те са наши приятели.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Вожд:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Белите ще бъдат избити. Аз казах Хау!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <span class="fullpost"></span>Лъчезар П. Томовhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11477535341699399087noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2360315058706913765.post-55918165684684893552009-07-26T01:27:00.000-07:002009-07-26T01:28:49.828-07:00Практически Диалози I - Правило на свободната дискусия<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> 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{mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">ПРАКТИЧЕСКИ ДИАЛОЗИ<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Практическият диалог се базира на десетте правила за рационална дискусия на <a href="http://lachezartomov.blogspot.com/2009/04/blog-post.html"><span style="text-decoration: none;">прагма – диалектиката</span></a>. Всяко нарушение на някое от правилата е заблуда.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">I.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Правило на свободата.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Страните в дискусията не бива да се спират една друга в опитите да да изкажат становище или да се усъмнят в становището на другата страна. Дискусията трябва да е свободна.</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Идеята на това правило е, че ако не можем честно да си кажем мнението, то тогава няма как да знаем какви разлики в мненията ни може да има. Така самата критическа дискусия става безцелна, тъй като не знаем какви разлики имаме да разрешим.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Нарушенията възникват на етапа на конфронтация на мненията</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">и са три основни типа:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 71.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Поставяне на граници на мненията или съмненията.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 71.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Пряко ограничаване на свободата на действие на другата страна.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 71.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Непряко (комуникационно) ограничаване на свободата на изказа на другата страна (следователно и на свободата на действие).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Нарушение 1:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Поставяне на мненията или съмненията.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заблуда на деклариране на дадено мнение за свещено – не подлежащо на съмнение.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заблуда на деклариране на дадено мнение за табу – неприемливо.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Ограничаване на дадено твърдение до негови компоненти и/или ограничаване на числени твърдения.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Диана:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style=""> </span>Не, не можеш да слагаш три вида сирена в гювечето, то не се прави така.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Лъчо:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Защо не, аз обичам сирена?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Диана:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Тогава няма да е гювече, ще е някаква каша.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Лъчо:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Всеки има право да си сложи каквото иска в своето ястие, нали така?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Диана:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Не може всеки да си слага в яденето каквото иска, всички ще ядат само каши и над това не може да има спор!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">„Не можеш да гласуваш за тия, трябва да подкрепиш баща си в неговия <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">вот.”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">„Как можа да си помислиш да кажеш, че акото в моите гащи е от мен самия? Ужасна си!”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Сашо:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Апашо, кажи ми, <span style=""> </span>в новата работа плащат ли ти добре?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Апашо:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Имам повече пари от всякога, но не съм доволен.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Сашо:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Как така?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Апашо:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Капиталистите само експлоатират труда ми и никой интелигентен човек не може да не се съгласи с мен! Не може да има дебат по това!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Сашо:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Леле-мале....<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Иванчо:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Марийке, знаеш ли колко силен съм станал, откакто ходя на фитнес? Вдигам сто килограма от лежанка!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Марийка:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Иванчо, ти освен своето его нищо друго не можеш да вдигнеш без допинг, сто килограма са ти много. Максимум петдесет да си вдигнал.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Иванчо:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Марийке, ако не вярваш, ела с мен във фитнеса да ти покажа.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Марийка:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Не, няма да дойда, защото е неоспоримо, че си слаб като вейка и дори и 50 кг ти е много. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Философ:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Неоспорими са зависимостта на гледната точка от перспективата и относителността на познанието.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Инженер:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Гледната точка, може и да зависи от перспективата, но никой интелигентен човек не би се съгласил, че познанието е относително .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Философ:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style=""> </span>Двете твърдения са свързани. Относителността на познанието е свързана с относителността на гледната точка спрямо перспективата.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Инженер:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Това няма значение, познанието е абсолютно, колкото и да е относителен този факт и това не подлежи на дебат!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Нарушение 2:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Пряко ограничаване на свободата на действие на другата страна.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 71.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Поставяне на другата страна под натиск.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 89.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">Argumentum ad Baculum</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> (заплаха с насилие)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 89.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">Argumentum ad Misercordiam</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> (обръщение към съжалението)<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 71.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Атакуване на личността на другата страна (в дискусията)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 89.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Argumentum ad </span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">Hominem</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> (обиден)<span style=""> </span>- директна атака на личността.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 89.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Argumentum ad </span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">Hominem</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> (обстоятелствен) – индиректна атака, атака на обстоятелствата, довели до изказване на даденото мнение.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 89.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">Argumentum ad Hominem (tu quoque)</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US"> </span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">– </span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">отклоняване на вниманието от аргументите и атакуване на несъстоятелността между твърдение и поведение на другата страна.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Баща към дъщеря: „А си забравиш бельото в дискотеката пак, а съм ти счупил главата!”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">„Как ви дава сърце да ме съдите за убийство – вие не знаете какво тежко детство съм имал!”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">„Жените, които казва „Не”, го казват, защото са кучки”.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Лъчо:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style=""> </span>Смятам, че трябва да гласуваме за Синята Коалиция, защото те са доказали, че могат да правят реформи и да печелят доверие от Европа.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Евгени:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Казваш това, защото те са предвидили голям процент за наука, и така ще можеш да преживяваш с научни изследвания.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Диана:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Момиченце, недей да пушиш цигари, те са изключително вредни и един ден ще съжаляваш за тази си грешка.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Момиче:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Нямаш право да ми говориш това, защото ти самата пушиш по кутия на ден.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Нарушение 3:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style=""> </span>Непряко (комуникационно) ограничаване свободата на изказа.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 71.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Непрекъснато прекъсване на изказването на другата страна (активно ограничаване).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 71.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Игнориране на твърденията на другата страна (пасивно ограничаване).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Лари:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Според мен липсата на национален идеал води до...<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Томас:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Какъв национален идеал те гони тебе, Лари, той няма значение!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Лари:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Липсата на<span style=""> </span>национален идеал води...<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Томас: <span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Щом няма значение, липсата му също няма значение!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Лари:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Та, казвах...<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Томас:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Кажи нещо друго, де.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Лари:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>.. че липсата на национален идеал...<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Томас:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>... е липса на идеален национал?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Лари:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>... води до...<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Томас:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>..какво? До какво води?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Лари (удря Томас по главата с бутилка бира, с което го привежда в безсъзнание и продължава):<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">... Липсата на национален идеал води... Няма значение, не остана кой да слуша, не че слушаше и като беше в съзнание.<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Прокурор: <span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Имаме неоспорими доказателства, че обвиняемият е бил на местопрестъплението във времевия интервал, в който най – вероятно то е било осъществно.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Адвокат:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Обвиняаемият никога не е бил там, където и да е там, нито тогава, когато и да е тогава!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Прокурор:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Беше намерено ДНК на обвинения под ноктите на жертвата.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Адвокат:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Обвиненият не е бил там, това го заявявам уверено<b style="">.<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Прокурор:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Охранителна камера е заснела обвиняемия.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Адвокат:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Той не е бил там!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Прокурор:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Имаме и трима свидетели.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Адвокат:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style=""> </span>Възразявам! Прокуратурата не се съобразява със становището на адвокатурата!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.5pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Съдия:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Отхвърля се! Започвам процедура по смяна на адвоката поради временна невменяемост.<o:p></o:p></span></p> Лъчезар П. 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Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Науката и Разумът” се еманципира от другите блогови проекти. От следващата седмица започва серия от десет материала (публикувани веднъж седмично) на тема „Практически диалози”,<span style=""> </span>в които ще се покаже как провеждането на дискусия може да бъде манипулирано и каква защита от манипулация можем да приложим. Заблудите са колкото логически, толкова и комуникационни.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Моля, не напускайте блога, той не потъва!<o:p></o:p></span></p> Лъчезар П. Томовhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11477535341699399087noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2360315058706913765.post-91021010372576158822009-07-11T14:21:00.001-07:002009-07-11T14:21:45.375-07:00Моята концепция за българския национален елит<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> 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font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} .MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} .MsoPapDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; margin-bottom:10.0pt; line-height:115%;} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt; mso-header-margin:35.4pt; mso-footer-margin:35.4pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">МОЯТА КОНЦЕПЦИЯ ЗА БЪЛГАРСКИЯ НАЦИОНАЛЕН ЕЛИТ<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">. <b style="">Български национален елит</b><span style=""> </span>- това са хората, които „<i style="">формулират дневен ред на цялата нация, приемат за своя мисия осъществяването на националната доктрина възможността да го сторят. Мнозинството от нацията следва зададения от елита дневен ред поради споделени ценности и светоглед и поради доверието което има в елита</i>”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">1.Елитът е преди всичко нравствен.</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> Той обича хората, не просто като идея, но и хората в плът, хората, които среща и с които говори. Елитът – това са хората, за които понятия като чест, достойнство, смирение, любов, смелост, вярност, скромност и разбирателство не са лишени от тежест. Всички друго у елита е подчинено на това.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">2.Той се състои от системно образовани хора</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">, с богата обща култура, широки познания по елементи от философия, история, политология, културология, социология, теология и психология. Системно образованите хора умеят да сглобяват широката си база от познания <b style="">в единен, рационален, структуриран и жив модел</b>, в една <b style="">цялостна система</b>, отразяваща основните взаимодействия в заобикалящия ги свят. Системното познание е и разбиране.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">3.Елитът е духовен по своята същност. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Натрупаното системно познание е подчинено на цели, които са резултат от духовните му търсения. Той се стреми към нещо, по-голямо от личния интерес, или този на семейството му. Чувства се <b style="">служител и пазител</b> на обществото, знае своето място в общия модел на света, разбира взаимодействията между елементите му и затова общото благо не му е безразлично. Това не е само филантропия, а и чувство за собствена незначителност и <b style="">необходимост от самозащита</b>.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">От консервативна гледна точка, духовното ядро на елита е Българската Православна Църква. От по – либерална позиция<span style=""> </span>- това са всички извори на духовна мъдрост и развитие на съзнанието в посока към универсалната любов и мира (Ганди, Далай - Лама).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">4.Елитът е приемствен. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Елитът е динамична структура, в която непрекъснато влизат и излизат хора, но ценностите остават. Приемствеността се осигурява по линия учител – ученик, като това обучение може да става в дома (значителна част), в училище (също значителна част след приемането на масовото образование) или учение чрез търсене на ученика. Част от приемствеността е потомствеността (богати и знатни родове, древни фамилии с традиции), но тази структура постепенно отслабва за сметка на други форми на приемственост (намаляване на разликите между знатните и обикновените хора поради изравняването на възможностите за образование и кариера, еволюцията на интернет обществата).</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">5.Елитът е богат. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Елитът има силата да формулира целите на обществото, а тази сила се формира чрез неговата воля, авторитет, духовно и материално богатство. Елит, който е лишен от воля, не е елит. Елит, който е лишен от две от другите три качества също не е елит.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">6.Елитът е рационален, без да е асоциален. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Системното образование се базира на рационално мислене. Мотивацията<span style=""> </span>за действие на елита ( действие според дефиницията) е обичта към хората, но поставените цели се постигат чрез рационален и логически синтез на мисълта.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">7.Елитът има най – голямо влияние сред обществото. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Богатството на елита е неговата сила, чрез която той диктува модата на обществото, сочи пътя за неговото развитие и естествено заема трайно (заради приемствеността си) върха на обществената пирамида. Той съсредоточава доверието, надеждата и любовта на хората, които <span style=""> </span>се се учат от него и се стремят да станат елит. Така той ги увлича напред.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">8.Елитът е трансформаторски. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Елитът е творец на обществото. Той не се колебае да го трансформира по най – добрия начин, за да го предпази от застой и разруха. Реформата е елемент на трансформацията и основно оръжие на елита за постигане на успешна социална еволюция. Елитът е този, който има волята да поеме отговорността за това.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">9.Елитът е патриотичен. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Няма как да си национален елит, ако си интернационалист. България е на първо място и след това са световният мир и любовта между народите.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">10.Елитът е функционален.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Елит е всеки, който изпълнява функцията на елит, описана в дефиницията. При всяко потенциално противоречие между дефиницията и някоя от проявите на описаните качества, дефиницията е с приоритет (не си елит, ако не изпълняваш дефиницията за елит, независимо колко си благороден, честен, богат и красив).</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> Лъчезар П. Томовhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11477535341699399087noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2360315058706913765.post-24929098238577709982009-06-25T11:08:00.000-07:002009-06-25T11:13:03.572-07:00Специални логически заблуди VII - Заблуди на случайността<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:relyonvml/> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><!--[if 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67239961 67239963;} @list l0:level1 {mso-level-number-format:roman-upper; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:54.0pt; text-indent:-36.0pt;} ol {margin-bottom:0cm;} ul {margin-bottom:0cm;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="RU"><span style="">VII.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">Заблуди на случайността. </span><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="RU"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="RU"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="RU">Деф. Заблудите на случайността</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="RU"> са специални логически заблуди на интепретиране на вероятностите по неверен начин. Основните типове заблуди са два – объркване на случаен с детерминиран процес/явление или неправилен анализ/оценка на вероятнистите при тяхното пресмятане.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">20.<span style=""> </span>Случайното е нарочно.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф. <span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Това е заблуда, при която се отрича случайния характер на дадено явление или процес. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Цялостната школа на детерминизма във философията – всичко е ясно, точно и определено, защото така ни харесва.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Това представлява също така и форма на пожелателна заблуда.<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="RU">б) Бойко Борисов нарочно говори глупости, няма как умен човек като него да ги плещи такива понякога.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="RU">Заб. Нарочността се приема поради предопоставката, че той е умен, а тя не следва от никъде в това разсъждение, следователно може просто да не е вярна и ББ да се изпуска случайно понякога да говори глупости.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Компютърът нарочно се разваля тъкмо когато най – много имам нужда от него!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Вероятността компютърът да има съзнание е толкова по – малка като порядък от вероятността да е случайно, че можем да приемем, че твърдението не е вярно.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">21.<span style=""> </span>Нарочното е случайно.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф. <span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Това е заблуда, при която се приписва случаен характер на дадено детерминистично явление или процес. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Анти-философската школа на индетерминизма – всичко е случайно, хаос и няма никакъв ред.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Ако всичко е случайно, защо 2 + 2 прави 4 всеки път?<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Тъщата случайно се подхлъзна на филията ми с масло и падна върху ножа. И така 46 пъти.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Тролски хазарт<span style=""> </span>- хвърляне на монетата нагоре и залози дали ще падне или не /по Тери Пратчет/.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Гравитацията толкова силно намалява вероятността монетата да не падне, че можем спокойно да я приемем за нулева.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">22.<span style=""> </span>Разглеждане на независими събития като свързани.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф. </span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заблуда, при която се прави опит да се намери „система” в поредица случайни събития.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Хвърлям вече толкова пъти подред ези, че няма начин следващият път да не е тура – то си е направо сигурно. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Вероятността и за ези и за тура е винаги 50%, независимо, какви са били предишните хвърляния. Монетата винаги има две страни, независимо колко пъти е била хвърляна (приемаме, че не се е деформирала в конкретна посока). В малки серии е възможно и 1000 пъти подред да се падне ези (или тура), тъй като <b style="">законът важи за големите числа</b>. Ако хвърлим достатъчен брой пъти монетата (например 100 000), със сигурност ще имаме почти точно съотношение 50 на 50 между ези и тура.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Вероятността да цъфнат налъмите силно нараства, ако баба ми е мъжко.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Двете събития са глобално независими – не може да се прокара връзка между налъмите и бабата, освен ако налъмите не са на бабата.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Толкова пъти имах слаби карти, че сега е задължително да имам силни, всички други се изредиха.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Не е задължително, ако се разбъркват след всяко раздаване картите, за да не се образуват цикли/поредици при играчите.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">23.<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Пренебрегване на условните вероятности.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. Това е заблуда, при която дадено събитие се разглежда като независимо, без да се провери от какви условия зависи то и какви са вероятностите тези условия да се сбъднат.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а)<span style=""> </span>- Иванчо, каква е вероятността да са оцелели динозаврите?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>- 50 на 50, другарко! – Отговорил смело Иванчо<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>- Ама как така?! – Зяпнала учителката по математика.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>- Много просто – или са оцелели, или не са! – Отговорил Иванчо<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. При какви условия биха оцелели динозаврите и при какви<span style=""> </span>- не? – Този въпрос не си задава Иванчо и този път вината не е у Марийка.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Известната задача от филма „21”:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Водещ ви кара да изберете три кутии. В една от тях има шоколад + ваучер за зъболекар, другите две са празни и вие не знаете коя не е празна. Избирате кутия <b style="">Б</b> /втората/. След това отваряте кутия <b style="">А</b> и се вижда, че тя е празна. Тогава водещият ви пита дали искате да смените кутията си с <b style="">В</b></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Тук повечето хора се заблуждават и казват, че е все едно и също – 50 на 50.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Математическата формула на условната вероятност обаче дава 66% за кутия <b style="">В</b>, срещу 33% за кутия <b style="">Б –</b></span></i><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Hall_problem"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">Monty Hall Problem</span></a><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US"> </span><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Причината за заблуждението е, че не се отчита самия факт на отварянето на една кутия.</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <span class="fullpost"></span>Лъчезар П. 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</style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">Аксиома на Избора<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Тази аксиома е формулирана през 1904 г. От Ернст Зермело и гласи (неформален вариант):<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Ако имате какъвто и да е набор от урни, всяка съдържаща поне по една топка, възможно е да се избере точно една топка от всяка урна, дори да са безкрайно много урните и да няма указано правило, по което да се избира.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Аксиомата не е необходима, когато урните са краен брой (тогава следва от другите аксиоми на теория на множествата) или ни е известно правило на избора.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Последствия от аксиомата</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Аксиомата води до <b style="">не-конструктивни</b> доказателства – дори когато доказателството постановява съществуването на обект, може и да не може да бъде дефиниран в езика на теория на множествата. Такъв пример е „подредеността” (</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">well ordering</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">) на реалните числа, която следва от тази теорема, но в някои от моделите на теория на множествата (които я използват) , тази подреденост не може да бъде дефинирана.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Парадокс на Банах – Тарски: Ако вземем една топка и я разрежем по определен начин, после от парчетата можем да сглобим две топки (само с тяхната транслация и ротация).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Защо я използваме</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Защото е много удобна за използване – нейната употреба не води до противоречие (тук самият аргумент си противоречи<span style=""> </span>- парадокс на Банах - Тарски), а с нейна помощ могат да се докажат много важни резултати.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Откъде идват противоречията, свързани с аксиомата:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">От Безкрайността. Всички противоречия оттам идват.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Какво е философското значение на аксиомата на избора:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Тя показва как е бил създаден светът, който се крепи на парадокси.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Какво е практическото значение за нас, в настоящото време и място:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Имайки безкрайно много урни с бюлетини – по една урна за всеки наш избор, ние можем да изберем точно една бюлетина от всяка урна и всеки път да направим своя избор.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Изборът ни е фундаментален, неотменим, неоспорим и се простира в безкрайността<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> Лъчезар П. Томовhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11477535341699399087noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2360315058706913765.post-49155286479683423862009-05-17T05:23:00.001-07:002009-05-17T05:25:38.247-07:00Специални логически заблуди VI - Пожелателни заблуди<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:relyonvml/> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><!--[if gte mso 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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="RU"><span style="">VI.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">Пожелателни заблуди (заблуди на реалността).</span><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="RU"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="RU"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <b style="">Заблуди на реалността </b>е форма на смесване на желанията с действителност – „това, което трябва да бъде Е”, „това, което Е, трябва да бъде (така)”, „това, което НЕ Е, не трябва да бъде”, „това, което не трябва да бъде НЕ Е”.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">16.<span style=""> </span>Това, което Е, трябва да бъде (така).</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. З<b style="">аблуда на реалността</b>, при която се приема статуквото за редно, само защото е статукво. Може да се разглежда и като частен случай на <b style="">argumentum ad populum </b></span><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">&</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> non-sequitur</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) <span style=""> </span>Убиването на крави с чук е нормална процедура, всички кланици така правят.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Вселената е изключително странна и пълна с парадокси, които мозъкът не може да проумее, но щом съществува, това е единственият начин да съществува.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Това е и форма на <b style="">non sequitur</b> – фактът на съществуването гарантира единствено съществуването, не причините за него.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">1</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">7</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">.<span style=""> </span>Това, което трябва да бъде, Е.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. З<b style="">аблуда на реалността</b>, при която се приема редното за статукво, само защото е редно. Това е опит за наслагване на личната реалност върху общата.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Хората се отнасят към живите същества с обич и уважение, защото това е редно.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Вярно за „някои хора се отнасят с обич и уважение към някои живи същества”.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Ние трябва да знаем – Ние ще знаем! (Давид Хилберт). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Това, че трябва да знаем, не гарантира, че ще можем да узнаем, по – късният прогрес на математическата логика показва, че има неща, които не могат да се узнаят.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">18.<span style=""> </span>Това, което НЕ Е, не трябва да бъде (така).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. З<b style="">аблуда на реалността,</b> близка до заблудата на статуквото, при която освен нея се приема неправилно аксиомата за непротиворечивостта (</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">non-contradiction</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">) – щом статуквото е редно, то и това, което не е статукво, не е редно. Това е логически невярно съждение от типа на <b style="">non sequitur</b>, тъй като може да има повече от един „правилен” вариант, а само един е статукво.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Между хората няма истинска универсална любов, затова не бива да проповядваме такава!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Хората са в мнозинството си невежи, затова не бива да ги образоваме<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Тези две твърдения предлагат обратния на верния извод – именно защото няма универсална любов или повсеместно знание, те трябва да бъдат развивани.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">19.<span style=""> </span>Това, което не трябва да бъде , НЕ Е.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. З<b style="">аблуда на реалността</b>, при която се стъпва върху наслагването на личната реалност върху общата и се прилага неправилно аксиомата за непротиворечивостта<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Вселената не трябва да е противоречива и пълна с необясними явления, следователно не е.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Да, ама е!<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Хората не трябва да се избиват помежду си, следователно не се избиват.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Абсолютно - и Осама е съгласен.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Мафията не бива да бъде във властта, следователно не е във властта!<o:p></o:p></span></p> Лъчезар П. Томовhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11477535341699399087noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2360315058706913765.post-73405623090840911332009-05-03T00:37:00.000-07:002009-05-03T00:39:24.239-07:00Специални логически заблуди V - Моралистки заблуди.<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:relyonvml/> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><!--[if gte mso 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font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">12.<span style=""> </span>Моралистична заблуда.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <b style="">Моралистична заблуда </b>е форма на предпоставено <b style="">разсъждение</b> и <b style="">заблуда на избора</b> едновременно, при която се твърди, че нещо, което е морално погрешно не може да е част от човешката природа. При нея не се отчита както реалността (морално грешни действия се ежедневие), така и се отрича косвено фундаменталната свобода на избора, която позволява на всеки един човек да избере да върши както грешни, така и правилни действия.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Пример:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Тъй като убийството е смъртен грях, то не може да бъде част от човешката природа<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Още в първите глави на Библията е обяснено как познанието за разликата между правилно и грешно поражда възможността да се вършат и двете, т.н. <b style="">първороден грях</b> – загуба на невинността.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Кражбата е грях, следователно, онези, които изнасят холната ни гарнитура не може да са крадци.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">13.<span style=""> </span>Натуралистична заблуда.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <b style="">Натуралистична заблуда </b>е форма на предпоставено <b style="">разсъждение,</b> при която се твърди, че нещо, което е е част от човешката природа не може да е морално погрешно. При нея не се отчита както реалността (в природата всичко е морално грешно), така и се отрича косвено фундаменталната дефиниция на правилно и грешно (моралът ни различава от животните).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Пример:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Тъй като убийството се случва в ежедневието ни, то не може да бъде морално погрешно<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Още в първите глави на Библията е обяснено как познанието за разликата между правилно и грешно поражда възможността да се вършат и двете, т.н. <b style="">първороден грях</b> – загуба на невинността и това, което отличава човека от животното.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Някои мъжки риби изяждат децата си (по чисто рационални причини), следователно е морално редно Революцията да изяде децата си!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">14.<span style=""> </span>Морално - натурална заблуда.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <b style="">Морално - натурална заблуда </b>е форма на предпоставено <b style="">разсъждение,</b> при която се твърди, че нещо, което е морално правилно трябва да е естествено по произход, т.е. част от човешката природа. Каквото е морално, е дар от природата. Това е опит да се приложи морална парадигма върху обект, който не я разбира – природата.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Пример:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Нещо толкова хубаво като като любовта трябва да е дошло от еволюцията.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Любовта в човешкия и вид (универсална любов към ближния, любов към не кръвно свързани) е против самата природа на еволюцията, тъй като нарушава конкурентното правило (оцеляват най - приспособените) и дори го пренаписва (оцеляват най – добрите в морален смисъл). Любовта не е необходима, когато не е средство за оцеляване. Реалността потвърждава за повечето животински видове, че любовта е ограничена само между индивиди и колективи, при които тя е средство само и единствено за оцеляване.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Детското доверие към непознатия е крайъгълен камък на еволюцията.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">15.<span style=""> </span>Натурално - морална заблуда.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <b style="">Натурално - морална заблуда </b>е форма на предпоставено <b style="">разсъждение,</b> при която се твърди, че ако нещо не е част от човешката природа, то не е и част от моралната система. Подобно на натуралистичната заблуда се отрича самата природа на морала (познанието за добро и зло като разлика с животните).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Пример:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Нещо, толкова неестествено по произход като като човешката любов, не може да е морално правилно.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Любовта е база за морала, от нея произтича самата концепция за морал.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) <span style=""> </span>Да се грижим за старите е болните е най – долна и аморална постъпка! Никое животно не постъпва така!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Всъщност слоновете се грижат както хората за старите и болните си животни, но тяхната висша нервна система е много силно развита.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> Лъчезар П. 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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 24pt; line-height: 115%;">Рационалност и Свръхрационалност<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">или за неприложимостта на чистата рационалност в човешкия живот<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Дефиниции<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <b style="">Рационалността</b> е качество, свързано с използване на <b style="">валидни</b> и <b style="">състоятелни</b> логически аргументи на изказваните тези, както и с използването на вероятностни аргументи с <b style="">добре оценена</b> вероятност.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <b style="">Валиден</b> логически аргумент е верен логически аргумент спрямо предпоставките на тезата – „Ако приемем, че...”, оттам следва „...”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Пример:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Ако слънцето свети през нощта, то тя ще е светла като ден – <i style="">вярно спрямо предпоставката.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <b style="">Състоятелен</b> логически аргумент е <b style="">валиден</b> логически аргумент, отразяващ реалността, т.е. с верни предпоставки.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Пример:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Ако атиняните са гърци и спартанците са гърци, това все още не означава, че всички гърци са или атиняни или спартанци – <i style="">вярно спрямо реалността</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <b style="">Добре оценена</b> вероятност е вероятност, която или е точно оценена (шансът да се падне шестица от тотото 6 от 49 е едно към 13 000 000) или е между достатъчно точни горни и долни граници, за да бъде използвана като аргумент в контекста на множеството от други аргументи, т.е. неопределеността не изменя крайния извод на разсъжденията.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Пример:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Лошо оценена</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> вероятност – динозаврите или са оцелели, или не, следователно вероятността да са живи е 50%<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Добре оценена</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> вероятност – вероятността да бъдеш ударен два пъти от мълния е приблизително нулева (1 към милион най - много).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <b style="">Свръхрационалността</b> е приложение на рационалността в реални условия, при което е взета под внимание възможната ирационалност на другите хора, т.е. не е рационалност в изолация от поведенческите модели.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Обяснение:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Ако <b style="">рационалността</b> не взима предвид рационалността или ирационалността на другите индивиди<span style=""> </span>в комуникационния / взаимо-действения процес, то <b style="">свръхрационалността</b> включва в себе си моделиране на тяхната (и)рационалност. По този начин, ако един съвършено рационален човек изкаже логически валиден и състоятелен аргумент, който предизвиква бурна ирационална реакция сред останалите и ефектът от него е нарушаване на взаимодействието, то свръхрационалният човек ще има впредвид възможните ефекти от този аргумент при неговото съставяне и <b style="">социализация</b>, за да доведе до желаната <b style="">екстърнализация (т.е. ще съобрази как да представи тезата си, така че да избегне бурната реакция, да бъде разбран и да предизвика желаната реакция от слушателите).</b><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери за границите на рационалността и приложението на свръхрационалността.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) <b style="">Класически пример</b> е т.нар. „Затворническа дилема” от математическа теория на игрите:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Условие</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Двама затворници, участници в общо престъпление са заловени, но липсата на доказателства прави невъзможно осъждането им на дълъг срок без някой от тях да проговори. Говори се отделно с всеки от тях и им се излагат следните условия:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US"><span style="">i)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Ако единият предаде другия, а другият си мълчи, първият ще излезе свободен, а вторият ще лежи 10 години.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US"><span style="">ii)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Ако двамата се предадат взаимно, ще лежат по 5 години.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US"><span style="">iii)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">И двамата получават уверения, че другият няма да знае за решението му преди оповестяване на присъдите.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US"><span style="">iv)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Ако никой не предаде другия, и двамата ще получат минимални присъди от 6 месеца (това не им се казва, но те го знаят).</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Резултат:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Резултатът</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> при съвършено рационални затворници е, <b style="">че всеки от тях предава другия</b>. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Причината е следната</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">: Всеки от тях пресмята, че ако не предаде другия, то или ще лежи 6 месеца (ако и другият не го предаде) или 10 години (ако другият го предаде), докато ако той сам предаде съучастника си, или ще получи 0 години (ако другият го предаде), или ще получи най – много 5 години. Така затворникът получава, че и в двата случая ще получи по – малка присъда, ако предаде съучастника си (0 вместо 6 месеца в добрия случай и 5 вместо 10 години в лошия случай).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Това е класически провал на <b style="">съвършената рационалност</b> в отсъствие на модели на рационалността на взаимодействащите индивиди. Причината за такова действие е, че никой от двамата затворници не знае как мисли другият и, че няма допълнителни условия (ефект върху затворническата репутация, етика и т.н.), които да променят аргументацията.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б<b style="">) Пример за успех</b> на свръхрационалността<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Класически пример за реалното приложение на свръхрационалността е т.нар. <b style="">ядрено въздържане</b>. То формира задача, подобна на затворническата дилема, при която и САЩ и Русия имат рационална причина да ударят превантивно (за да минимизират своите жертви), <b style="">но не го правят</b>. Това е защото имат <b style="">взаимно познание</b> за модела на рационалност, притежавана от управляващите им структури. <b style="">Ядреният арсенал </b>на едната страна е спирачка за използването на ядрения арсенал на другата. Подобно неустойчиво равновесие се формира благодарение на споделената <b style="">етика</b> (<i style="">код на поведение на индивидите</i>), която позволява да се преодолеят провалите на рационалния процес. Тази етика е резултат от <b style="">осъзнаването</b> на евентуалните вреди и ползи от <b style="">перфектната рационалност</b>, което предполага, че процесът на осъзнаване сам по себе си е свръхрационален.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) <b style="">Реален пример</b> за неуспех на чистата рационалност:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">В дадена фирма „А” се изгражда стена между две групи от работещи, за да се подпомогне техния фокус върху работата чрез взаимна изолация от смущенията на другата група. Стената се построява с вградена врата в нея, но тази врата стои заключена, като ключът е у шефа на едната група, който преценява кога и как да се използва вратата (стандартно тя е заключена). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Мотивите</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> за подобно действие са съвършенно рационални – шефът не иска да има смущения, но все пак трябва да има начин да се преминава между помещенията в случай на извънредна нужда.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Ефектът</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> от действието обаче е предимно негативен, тъй като в контекста на <b style="">етиката</b> между колегите от групите, този жест на заключената врата има лоша символика и представлява ирационално послание „Построихме стена, сложихме врата, само и само, за да имаме възможността да ви я заключим”. Рационален акт, който не отчита <b style="">етиката</b> и по принцип взаимодействията с другите индивиди, е <b style="">асоциален</b> и с ефект на ирационално действие.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заключение.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Фундаменталният провал на чистата рационалност във взаимоотношенията между хората е причина за създаване на <b style="">етика</b>, като набор от правила за поведение, които да подържат неустойчивото равновесие на кооперативното им поведение. Причината не е в това<i style="">, че хората по природа не са чисто рационални същества – те не са чисто рационални същества, защото нямат взаимна полза от това. </i>Малцината индивиди, пренебрегващи етиката са тези, които не признават взаимната полза и тяхната чиста рационалност ги прави асоциални – т.нар. социопати. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Извод:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Представеният материал има за цел да покаже ограниченията на рационалния процес при взаимоотношенията между индивидите и да наблегне на фундаменталното преимущество на свръхрационалността, изразяваща се <b style="">в осъзнатата необходимост от кооперация между тях</b> за разгледаните примери.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> Лъчезар П. 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text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l3 {mso-list-id:1412118499; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:1577489948 67239951 67239961 67239963 67239951 67239961 67239963 67239951 67239961 67239963;} @list l3:level1 {mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt;} ol {margin-bottom:0cm;} ul {margin-bottom:0cm;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 24pt; line-height: 115%;">ПРАГМА – ДИАЛЕКТИКАТА И ЛОГИЧЕСКИТЕ ЗАБЛУДИ<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Или правилата на критичната дискусия, дефиниращи заблудите, като отклонения от тях<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1.Източник - </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragma-dialectics"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;">Уикипедия</span></a><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Оригинален източник <i style="">- Van Eemeren, Grootendorst & Snoeck Henkemans, 2002, pp.182-183</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. Прагма – диалектиката е теория на аргументацията, която се използва, за анализ и оценка на аргументацията в реалната практика. Тя комбинира чисто логическата страна на въпроса (третирането на самите аргументи) с комуникационния подход (третиране на аргументирането като процес), като разглежда дискусията в цялост. Аргументацията се разглежда като сложен акт на речта<span style=""> </span>- целенасочено изказване.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">I.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Мета – теоретични принципи на прагма – диалектиката:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Функционализация</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> – постига се, като се третира дискусията като целенасочен акт.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб</span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. Целта може да бъде откриване на истината или постигане на съгласие върху определени тези.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Социализация</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> – постига се, като се разширява перспективата на словесния акт до нивото на взаимодействие.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб</span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. Речта се предполага да бъде чута и разбрана.</span></i><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Екстърнализация</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">– постига се чрез улавяне на предположенията и взаимодействията, създадени от акта на речта.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. </span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Говори се, за да се предизвика реакция у слушащите.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Диалектификация</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">– </span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">постига се, когато обмяната на актове на речта се подчини на определен идеален модел на критическата дискусия (<i style="">Van Eemeren & Grootendorst, 2004, pp.52-53</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб.</span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Диалектика има там, където спорът следва определени правила и има конкретни цели.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">II.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Идеален модел на критическата дискусия<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. Идеалният модел предвижда десет правила за провеждане на аргументирана дискусия. Нарушаването на тези правила се твърди, че ще попречи на рационалното разрешаване на разликите на мнения и следователно това нарушаване би било <b style="">логическа заблуда</b>. От тези правила се извеждат базовите логически заблуди, а от тях – специалните случаи.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Правило на свободата –</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> спорещите не трябва да пречат на другите спорещи да изказват своите тези или да се усъмнят в тезите на първите.<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. </span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Нарушаването на това правило може да стане по няколко начина:<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Поставяне на граници на твърденията –</span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> „нямаш право да твърдиш това”, „можеш да кажеш, че небето е синьо, но не и, че е тъмно синьо”<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Ограничаване на свободата на изказване: <b style="">argumentum ad baculu</b>m <span style=""> </span>- „не го твърди, че ще съжаляваш” и като цяло „<b style="">обръщение към мотивите за подкрепа</b>” като мека форма на принуда (тормоз).<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заблуди на избора</span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> – ограничението на избора е и ограничение на свободата („можеш да твърдиш <b style="">А</b> и </span></i><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">B</span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">, но не и </span></i><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">C</span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">”)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Тежестта на доказателството – </span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">изказващият твърдение е задължен да го защити</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ако опонентът го призове да го направи.<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб.</span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Нарушенията на това правило са няколко вида:<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Отклоняване на вниманието от темата</span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> – <b style="">argumentum </b></span></i><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">ad ignorantiam</span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> (заблудата, че ако нещо не е доказано грешно, то е задължително вярно – не са доказали, че няма извънземни, следователно има)</span></i><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Смяна на темата</span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> – атакуване на личността – <b style="">argumentum </b></span></i><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">ad hominem</span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">, </span></i><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">обръщение към авторитета</span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> и др.</span></i><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Правилото на тезата – </span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">атакуването на тезата на опонента трябва да е свързано само и единствено с тази теза.<i style=""><o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. </span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Нарушенията на това правило се състоят в некоректни заключения:<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.4pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">Ignoratio elenchi - </span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US"><span style=""> </span></span></i><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">заключение без връзка с твърденията (неверен извод от верни аргументи например –„ щом няма добро и зло, то всичко, което правиш е добро”)</span></i><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">Petitio principii</span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US"> </span></i><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">– вярно по необходимост (априорно приета валидност на тезата, от което се прави извод, че тезата е вярна – „щом не лъжа, следователно казвам истината”).</span></i><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Избирателно опровергаване на твърдения </span></i></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">–</span></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> опровергават се по – слабите твърдения, от което се прави извод за цялата теза, като се пренебрегват неопровержимите твърдения („твърдиш, че вярата има смисъл, защото дава надежда на хората и защото Христос може би е възкръснал, но тъй като знаем, че това е малко вероятно, то вярата няма смисъл”)</span></i><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Правило на свързаността (релевантността)</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>- участникът може да защитава тезата само с аргументи, които са свързани с нея.<i style=""><o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб</span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. Нарушенията са както <b style="">некоректни заключения</b>, така и <b style="">обръщение към мотивите за подкрепа</b><o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Правило на неизразените предпоставки</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> – участник не може да се отрича от <span style=""> </span>свои предпоставки, които не са явно изразени или фалшиво да представя като предпоставка, нещо което не е явно заявено от другата страна.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб</span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. Забранено е да се вменява твърдение (предпоставка) на човек, който не го е изказал (Не харесваш Обама, следователно си расист) или пък да се отрича изказано неявно твърдение – намек (мразя негрите, но не съм расист).<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US"><span style="">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Правило на отправната точка</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> –</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">участник в спора не бива лъжливо да представя предпоставка като приета отправна точка, нито да отрича предпоставка, приета като отправна точка.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб</span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. „Тъй като земята е плоска...” не е добро начало на спор дали земята е плоска или не, нито може да се отрече предпоставка като тази например „тъй като 2+2 = 4”</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Правило на аргументационната схема</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> – участник в спора не бива счита теза за успешно защитена, ако защитата не протече по подходяща аргументационна схема, която е коректно приложена.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб</span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <b style="">Неподходяща схема</b> :<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Индуктивни Заблуди</span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> – неправилно обобщение (всички политици са крадци, всички хора са честни), фалшиви аналогии – „жената е като магарето, любовта е като хероина”<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Каузални заблуди (</span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ако едно събитие е след друго събитие, то първото е причинило второто )<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Правило на валидността</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> – трябва да се използват само логически валидни аргументи или аргументи, които могат да бъдат валидирани, когато неявните предпоставки бъдат направени явни.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб</span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. Заблудите тук са формални:<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">Non </span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">–</span></i><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US"> Sequitur </span></i><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">– „Ако от верността на A следва верността на B, то и обратното ще е вярно”.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Дедуктивни заблуди - „</span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Ако всички софиянци са българи и всички пловдивчани са българи, то всички софиянци са пловдивчани и обратно<b style="">”</b><o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">9.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Правило на закриване на дискусията</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> – ако едната страна не успее в опита си да защити тезата си (аргументите на другата страна победят), то тя трябва да оттегли твърденията си, а ако успее, другата страна трябва да оттегли възраженията си.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб</span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. Тъй като дискусията има цел – обикновено да се достигне до истината, то когато тя бъде достигната, неправите трябва да се съгласят, че са неправи, ако аргументите им се окажат неверни. Поведение от типа „Земята Е плоска, ПЪК” не е рационално.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">10.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span><b style="">Правило на употребата</b> – участник не бива да използва неясни или двусмислени твърдения и трябва да интепретира формулировките на опонента колкото се може по – внимателно и точно.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб</span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. Заблудите тук могат да бъдат от няколко вида:<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заблуди на дефинициите </span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">– „Слонът е голямо животно”.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заблуди на обясненията </span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">– <span style=""> </span>„Причината Слънцето да изгрява е вярата на хората в него”.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заблуди от двусмисленост </span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">– ”25 години плодотворна размяна на циркови номера между България и Съветския Съюз”<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">III.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заключение.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Описаният <b style="">модел на критическа дискусия</b><span style=""> </span>е идеален и не взима предвид ирационалността на човешката природа или сложността</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">на твърденията в реалния спор, в който не е толкова лесно да се каже „кой е победител”. Независимо от това, той е един добър фундамент за рационална дискусия. Отклоненията от този модел са т.нар. <b style=""><i style="">логически заблуди</i>.<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> Лъчезар П. Томовhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11477535341699399087noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2360315058706913765.post-9268164551601705142009-04-01T23:31:00.000-07:002009-04-02T00:21:32.248-07:00Специални логически заблуди IV - Заблуди на контекста<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:relyonvml/> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><!--[if gte mso 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@list l1 {mso-list-id:999427103; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:2063527442 -1108413218 67239939 67239941 67239937 67239939 67239941 67239937 67239939 67239941;} @list l1:level1 {mso-level-start-at:10; mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:-; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} ol {margin-bottom:0cm;} ul {margin-bottom:0cm;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="RU"><span style="">IV.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">Заблуди на контекста.</span><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="RU"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <b style="">Вербален контекст</b> е обкръжаващата среда на даден <i style="">текст</i> или <i style="">разговор</i> (дума, изречение, речев акт и т.н.). Тъй като езикът не използва строги формални модели на изразяване, контекстът влияе върху начина, по който даденият текст бива разбиран. Неформалните модели не могат да бъдат разглеждани<span style=""> </span>в строга изолация, а само <b style="">обектно</b>, като обектът включва (инкорпорира в себе си) и средата (разглежда се целият текст наведнъж при анализа).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 53.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">11.<span style=""> </span>Изваждане от контекст.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 53.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. Тази заблуда се проявява при разглеждане на дадено неформално твърдение като формално, т.е. в изолация от средата, което променя смисъла му. Съществува вариант и при формалната логика, ако съзнателно бъдат изпуснати част от твърденията.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Централен клас от тази заблуда е класът „изпускане на противоречия” или цитиране до частицата „<b style="">но</b>”:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">- <span style=""> </span>„Преклонена главица сабя я не сече” вместо „Преклонена главица сабя я не сече, <b style="">но</b> <i style="">хомот опъва”.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">- Той е добър човек, <b style="">но</b> <i style="">това не го оправдава.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">- Те са мръсни и са цигани, <b style="">но</b> <i style="">не са престъпили закона</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. В тези примери се цитира само една част от разсъжденията, изпускайки контра-разсъжденията <span style=""> </span>като по този начин се подменя самият извод.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Изваждане на съждение от контекста, който дефинира смисъла му.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. Много често в писмения и говорим език се използва предефиниране на понятия и термини в зависимост от човека, който ги използва, т..е той може да бъде ползван като референция, без това да е <b style="">argumentum ad hominem</b>. Друг вариант е да се изпуска част от текста, която предефинира понятията<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">- Пешо каза, че си копеуе. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. <i style="">Пешо използва думата в смисъл на „добър, готин човек”, докато оригиналното значение е „незаконороден син от Пернишко или Радомирско”</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Ти си селянин, <i style="">защото работиш на село като земеделец.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб.<span style=""> </span>Изпускането на втората част автоматично прави твърдението обидно, защото е масово възприето като такова и се е превърнало в норма за обида особено в големите градове.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Царят е гол. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. За тези, които не са чели приказката, смисълът на твърдението може да бъде произволен, вкл и буквален.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Редуциране на твърдения (половината истина).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. Дадена редица от предикати да бъде представена с нейно подмножество, например „Ако (А <b style="">и</b> B) <b style="">или </b>C” бъде заменено с „Ако Ако (А <b style="">и</b> B)”, което променя крайния изход на съждението:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Ако българите са кадърни <i style="">и добри хора</i>, то държавата ще потръгне<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Изпускането на фразата <b style="">„и добри хора</b>” променя смисъла на твърдението, от което отпада моралният елемент и по този начин смисълът на казаното променя самата <b style="">парадигма</b> на разсъждението.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Ако съм индианец</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">и живея в резерват</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">, то аз съм свободен човек. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Тук има едновременно две заблуди: <span style=""> </span>първо – изпускането на фразата „<b style="">и живея в резерват</b>” прави смисъла на понятието „<b style="">свободен</b>” неверен, ако се има впредвид свободен от правилата и законите на САЩ. Вторият проблем е, че всъщност не е дефинирано понятието „свободен”, което прави цялото твърдение неясно.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Всички български футболисти, <i style="">които играят в чужбина</i>, са с правилен манталитет за националния отбор.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Изпускането на фразата „<b style="">които играят в чужбина</b>”, променя смисъла на тезата от <b style="">„играта в чужбина подобрява манталитета на играчите</b>” до „<b style="">играта в чужбина НЕ подобрява манталитета на играчите</b>” – тъй като с или без чужбина няма значение. По този начин може да се постигне точно обратен извод.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 53.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">12.<span style=""> </span>Вграждане в контекст.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. Тази заблуда се състои в подмяна на контекста на дадено твърдение, чрез слагането му в друга среда, различна от оригиналната или чрез добавяне на среда, която не е необходима.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Директна подмяна на контекста<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. Изважда се дадено твърдение от средата и му се създава лъжлива среда<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Блогърите са странни хора <i style="">в смисъла на неразбирането, проявено към тях</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Замяна с:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Блогърите са странни хора, <i style="">говорещи простотии и размахващи пистолети</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Тук се сменя контекста на понятието „странен”, превръщащо го от „неразбран, нестандартен” в „опасен, неуравновесен и простак”.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Добавяне на допълнителен контекст:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф.</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Средата се разширява с допълнително дефиниране на понятия, които са имали недвусмислено тълкуване.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Хората не харесват Цветелин Кънчев, защото е престъпник <b style="">от</b> <b style="">ромски произход<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. С добавянето на фразата „<b style="">от</b> <b style="">ромски произход”</b> се цели да се подмени причината, поради която Цв.Кънчев не е харесван, като намек, че престъпник от български произход не би имал същите проблеми.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Представяне на твърдения в нередуциран вид:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф.</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Идеята е да се добавят предпоставки, които не биха изменили стойността на извода при формалното разсъждение, но които биха имали стойност като подвеждащо неформално твърдение.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Ако съм от турски произход и съм роден в България, то съм български гражданин.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Етническият произход няма отношение към гражданството, тъй като раждането в България е достатъчно условие, за да бъде човек български гражданин (според настоящите закони) независимо от произхода.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> Лъчезар П. Томовhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11477535341699399087noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2360315058706913765.post-57949162625491598672009-03-18T13:17:00.000-07:002009-03-18T13:18:18.164-07:00Специални логически заблуди III - Заблуди на произхода<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:relyonvml/> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><!--[if gte 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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";} </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults ext="edit" spidmax="1026"> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout ext="edit"> <o:idmap ext="edit" data="1"> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="RU"><span style="">III.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">Заблуди на произхода.</span><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="RU"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>Заблудите на произхода представляват използването на произхода на даден човек или обект (абстрактна структура като например фирма, държава и т.н.). като аргумент за неговите (нейните) действия и решения или като аргумент най – общо в съставянето на логическа теза. Тези заблуди представляват едновременно argumentum ad hominem и отрицание на фундаменталната свобода на избора (обстоятелства да предопределят избора).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 53.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">9.<span style=""> </span>Заблуда на произхода.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>При тази заблуда за даден човек или обект се съди по неговия произход, като по този начин на произхода неправомерно се възлага определяща вместо обуславяща роля.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) „</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">Sins of the fathers</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">” – греховете на бащите/майките се предават по наследство и синовете/дъщерите отговарят за престъпленията на родителите си.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Твърдението, че грехове могат да се предават по наследство отрича едновременно съвременната биологическа наука, концепцията на повечето религии (грехът като действие на нематериална душа) и фундаменталната свобода на избора. <o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Богомил Райнов е син на Николай Райнов, следователно е виден антикомунист.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Богомил Райнов публично се отрича от баща си, за да го допусне БКП до публикуване.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Хората са произлезли от маймуните, следователно са маймуни.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Твърдението само си противоречи – няма как хората едновременно да са „произлезли” от маймуните и все още да са маймуни, коеот би означавало да не са „излезли” от никъде.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">г) Хората от добри семейства израстват по – възпитани и културни, с по – развити ценности, докато хората от лоши семейства стават профани, олигофрени, лумпен-комунисти, садисти, женомразци, простаци и пияници.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Има връзка между семейството и поведението на човека, но тя е чисто корелативна, не детерминистична – с други думи семейството може да помага или пречи, но не може да оправдае който и да е избор на човека.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">д) Цар Симеон II – Gamble трябва да е прекрасен човек, щом е от такъв стар и аристократичен род като Гота и щом има такъв прекрасен баща като Борис III.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Щом е аристократ, дори и да убие човек с голи ръце, поне ще го направи аристократично.</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 53.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">10.<span style=""> </span>Обратна заблуда на произхода.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 53.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>При тази заблуда за предците/произхода на даден човек или обект се съди по него, като по този начин на произхода регресивно се възлага определяща вместо обуславяща роля.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Щом в Р. Македония сега има македонци, то и техните баби и дядовци са македонци.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Бабите и дядовците са се определяли официално като българи до 1944, а техните предци са се определяли <b style="">само и единствено</b> като българи.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) <span style=""> </span>Внукът на Радой Ралин е<span style=""> </span>пълно <i style="">кеуеме</i>, следователно и родът му е от такива.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Човекът произлиза от маймуните, следователно и те са разумни ИЛИ човекът е с Божествен произход, следователно и Бог е грешен.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Отново произходът се използва като знак за тъждество.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">г)<span style=""> </span>Всички престъпници са от лоши семейства.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Статистическите проучвания сочат значителен дял на престъпници от добри семейства.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">д) Родът Гота е комарджийски род, щом Симеон II-и му е наследник.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> Лъчезар П. 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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="RU"><span style="">II.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">Заблуди от предсказване.</span><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="RU"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 53.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">5.<span style=""> </span>Статична заблуда на бъдещото състояние<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>Приравнява се бъдещото състояние на явлението, обекта или човека към <span style=""> </span>сегашното и/или предишни негови състояния – <i style="">отрицание на промените</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) <span style=""> </span>Щом до 7-годишна възраст не си научил какво е добро и зло, никога няма да се научиш<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Хората в България винаги са били такива, каквито са сега и винаги ще си останат такива.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Тук има едновременно две заблуди – предишно състояние, приравнено на сегашното и бъдещо състояние, приравнено на предишното и сегашното. Получава се верижна заблуда, тъй като предишното състояние увеличава тежестта на хипотезата за бъдещото състояние.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) ББ не става за кмет и премиер, защото е бил пожарникар и бодигард.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Тук косвено се намеква, че липсата на квалификация в миналото ще се прехвърли като липса на квалификация и в бъдещето, с което се отрича концепцията за опита. Ако ББ се окаже неквалифициран за управленски функции, то няма да е защото навремето не е учил това, а защото и досега не се е преквалифицирал.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 53.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">6.<span style=""> </span>Екстраполационна (линейна) заблуда на бъдещото състояние<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>Заблуда на линейната екстраполация, при която се предполага, че даденият процес, човек или обект ще продължава да се променя вечно с едни и същи темпове.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Историята и бъдещето на Мисисипи според Марк Твен:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">„За 176 години Мисисипи е скъсила с 242 мили долното си течение. Това прави средно малко повече от<span style=""> </span>миля и 1/3 на година. Следователно всеки уравновесен, нормален човек, който не е нито сляп, нито идиот, може да се убеди, че през древния силурски период, от който идния ноември се навършат точно 1 млн. години, долното течение на Мисисипи е било над 1 300 000 мили и реката е стърчала над Мексиканския залив като въдица. По същия начин, всеки може лесно да се убеди, че след 742 години, тя ще бъде само 1 миля и ¾, а Кайро и Нови Орлеан ще слеят улиците си и ще се трудят отговорно под грижите на един кмет и обща управа. Науката е същинска магия. И най – незначителният факт може да наплоди какви ли не догадки.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) На всеки е ясно, че щом бебетата удвояват теглото си през първите три месеца, което предполага, че на 24 години ще имат умопомрачителното тегло от 2 на степен 96 или <span style=""> </span>7.9228e+028 пъти началното си тегло (2-4 кг).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Теорията за неограничения икономически растеж (и съответно неограниченото нарастване на благосъстоянието при нормални условия) предполага, че след 1000 години (при 2% годишно нарастване) хората ще бъдат около 4 трилиона пъти по – богати от сега, което означава, че ще могат да си позволяват къщи с размери около 40 000 квадратни километра, което при настоящите темпове на нарастване на населението (удвояване на всеки сто години) означава 6.5 милион милиона по 40 000 квадратни километра, което при територия на земята (непокрита с вода) 148,940,000 кв. км. Означава, че всеки квадратен километър е притежаван едновременно (максимум) от почти 2 трилион трилиона души...<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 53.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">7.<span style=""> </span>Заблуда на потенциалното (евентуално) бъдещо състояние<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. Използване на аргумент „какво би могло да бъде” с тежест на факт в съждението. Една мисловна конструкция (най – често с вероятностна тежест) се използва на мястото на реално събитие или състояние.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Ако ОДС с Иван Костов бяха на власт в последните 8 години, хората щяха да взимат двойни пенсии, затова гласувайте за ДСБ и СДС.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. ОДС не са били на власт през тези 8 години и тази хипотеза не може да има тежестта на факт, защото това какво <b style="">би могло</b> да се случи не е равносилно на това, какво се е случило. Аргумент в полза на ОДС е това, което те са свършили, а не това, което <b style="">биха могли</b> да свършат, ако бяха останали.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Ако Русия не беше поискала откуп, еквивалентен на 32 тона злато за Освобождението ни, това дело щеше да е напълно безкористно, затова да свалим шапки за безкористността му.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Ако се бях родил в САЩ, вече щях да съм милионер, следователно Българската държава ме е ограбила поне с 1 милион долара.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Това е хипотеза, тъй като нямаме емпирично потвърждение, следователно и загубите са хипотетични и техните компенсации – също.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 53.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">8.<span style=""> </span>Заблуда на неизбежното(сингулярно) бъдещо състояние<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>При тази заблуда се отрича ефекта от настоящите действия върху бъдещето – „Нищо не можем да променим”, „Каквото и да направим ще е все тая, затова хайде да не правим нищо” и т.н. Заблудата е в априорното приемане на грешна в общия случай презумпция, вместо да се приложат аргументи за липсата на чувствителност на „бъдещето” към действията на твърдящия заблудата човек.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) И да копам и да не копам кенефо, нема го изкопам<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Очевидно е, че ако се копае достатъчно дълго, дупката за външната тоалетна ще бъде изкопана, т.е невярно обобщение<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Независимо дали си добър с хората, те те „прецакват”, затова прецакай ги и ти.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Именно това твърдение създава „прецакването”, защото всеки, който възприеме такава политика убеждава прецаканите от него с действията си, че няма значение дали са добри с другите хора, затова някаква част от тях решават, че е по – добре и те да „прецакват”, така може да се стигне в най – добрия случай до някакво самоподържащо се множество от „прецакващи” хора, а в най – лошия случай, то ще погълне цялото общество. Тук заблудата от липса на последствия на постъпките сама създава липсата на последствия.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Моята партия така и така няма да мине 4% бариера, няма смисъл да гласувам.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. В действителност партията не би минала бариерата ИМЕННО поради такива разсъждения, подобно на предишния пример.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> Лъчезар П. Томовhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11477535341699399087noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2360315058706913765.post-41635443181970092762009-02-17T09:48:00.000-08:002009-02-17T09:57:23.978-08:00Специални логически заблуди I - Бягство от отговорност<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:relyonvml/> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><!--[if gte 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mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @list l1:level2 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:89.4pt; text-indent:-18.0pt;} ol {margin-bottom:0cm;} ul {margin-bottom:0cm;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="RU"><span style="">I.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">Заблуди от бягство от отговорност.</span><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="RU"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<span style=""> </span>Заблуди, при които отговорност за направения избор се прехвърля върху обстоятелствата, при които е направен изборът или се отрича личната отговорност. Тези заблуди са отрицание на фундаменталната свобода на избора.</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 53.4pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">Argumentum ad Dominem</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<span style=""> </span>Посочва се някакъв субект, имащ функцията на „Бог”, който отнема правото на избор и предопределя действията на индивида. Това са изказвания от типа: </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Бог ме накара</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US"> ”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">, „Бяха гласовете в главата ми”, „Това е Съдба ”, „Предопределено е от духовете на времето”.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а)<span style=""> </span>Всичко, което се случва е по Божията воля, затова каквото и да направим, сме праведни.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Всъщност в Библията ясно и точно е написано каква е Божията воля и какво се смята за правилно и грешно там.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Холокостът беше историческа необходимост, защото такова беше времето.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Относно се сочи външна воля, предопределяща избора - „такова било времето”,<span style=""> </span>като извинения за направения избор (да се убиват евреи).<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Наша съдба е да бъдем лъгани от политиците и да гласуваме за мошеници, такава ни е орисията.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Изказващият твърдението отказва да поеме отговорност за собствения си глас, има някакъв субект, наречен „Съдба”, който го е предопределил.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 53.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">Argumentum ad Demonium</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 53.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<span style=""> </span>Подобно на първия аргумент, тук се посочва външна force major-на сила, която предопределя избора на човека, като този път към нея се прикачва отрицателна морална оценка, потвърждаваща предположението, че<span style=""> </span>изказващият аргумента смята избора и<span style=""> </span>действията си за неморални – лоши.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а)<span style=""> </span>Ние не можем да вършим зло, защото всяко Зло<span style=""> </span>е от Лукаваго.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. В Библията изрично пише какво е зло и, че хората ще бъдат съдени за него, т.е. там „Лукаваго” не носи отговорност за избора на хората.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Хората крадат, защото са бедни, бедността ги озлобява.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Лошите обстоятелства изместват отговорността за избора, в действителност те имат само вероятностна (не логическа) тежест в него – можеш да крадеш и без да си беден и да си беден без да крадеш.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Хората вършат лоши неща, защото имат лоши водачи.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Хората не са „длъжни” да следват водачите си, те избират да го правят.</span></i><i style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 53.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">Befehl<span style=""> </span>ist<span style=""> </span>Befehl.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. „Заповедта си е заповед” т.е. заблудата на следването на заповеди (отговорността е на издаващия заповедта, а не на изпълнителя и). <span style=""> </span>Издаващият заповедта отговаря единствено за издаването и, изпълняващият отговаря за изпълнението и. Издаването на заповеди не отменя свободния избор на човека, тъй като той е фундаментално и неотменимо право, има единствено обуславяща роля (какво ще се случи, ако не се избере да се следва заповедта) и прави избора по – труден (по – малко вероятно да се избере да не се следва заповедта).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Пращахме евреи в газовите камери, само защото ни заповядваха (обяснения на немски войници на Нюрнбергския процес).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. А ако им бяха заповядали да пратят там децата си или сами да влязат?<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Старшината ни заповяда да изгребем въздуха с лъжичка от чашите ни за кафе, за да направим място за него. Тъй, вярно, другарю старшина!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Заповядаха ни да се самоубием поне два пъти и ако не успем втория път, ще ни убият – щом е заповед, аз съм длъжен да се подчиня, само ме е страх да не умра, ако не успея два пъти да умра!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">г) Ако не слушаме заповедите на Доган, няма да успеем, затова да гласуваме под строй и да чакаме да ни дадат парите от помощите за наводненията.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">д) Липсата на дисциплина в една войска ще доведе до гибел на войската, затова спазвам заповедите, дори те да означават гибел за войската!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Ха така – по – важен е принципът, дори сам да си противоречи!<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 53.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">4.<span style=""> </span>Колективна отговорност<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. Колективната отговорност е колективна безотговорност. Как става това? Нека имаме 100 души, които са отговорни за извършването на едно действие, тогава всеки от тях има по 1/100 т.е. никой няма „пълната отговорност” и следователно е безотговорен. Колективната отговорност представлява прехвърляне на индивидуалните отговорности на членовете от колектива върху самия колектив (реална отговорност се носи от една абстракция без плът), а тъй като колективът не подлежи на физическо наказание за престъпленията си (затвор и др.), то те остават ненаказани. Друга форма на колективната отговорност е споделянето на отговорност (един човек или малка група от хора имат конкретни вини за дадено действие, но ги „споделят” с всички останали). <span style=""> </span><b style="">В заключение</b>: Личната отговорност не може да се прехвърля, споделя, продава или по друг начин да се трансформира, сменяйки собственика си. <b style="">Всеки е отговорен само и единствено за своите дела или бездействия.<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Депутатът Х.К. е нарушил закона, приемайки пари от сивия сектор на икономиката, за да се приеме добавка тип „Ванко 1”, която да пусне на свобода известен мафиот. Мамка им на депутатите!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Изведнъв Х.К. се превръща в 240 души и тъй като всички са виновни за нещо, защо да не са виновни и за това? Така общественото внимание успешно де разфокусира и липсата на конкретен субект на престъплението и обект на закона се превръща в липса на справедливост.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Всички ние сме виновни за детската проституция, защото я наблюдаваме отстрани.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Всеки, който види престъпление и не се намеси, става автоматично съучастник със своето бездействие, но отговаря само за него, не за конкретните действия на конкретните извършители.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) „Българинът е ...” по избор: „мързелив, глупав, гениален, простак, секс ламя, агресивен, културен, дебил, нечистоплътен, извисен” и т.н.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Кой точно българин е всички тези неща?<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">г) За профанизацията в България сме виновни всички ние!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Кои „ние”? <b style="">Кой</b> е извършил <b style="">какво</b>, за да подпомогне този процес (ако той съществува)?<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> Лъчезар П. Томовhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11477535341699399087noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2360315058706913765.post-6209330886825592682009-02-01T11:22:00.000-08:002009-02-01T11:25:23.231-08:00Логически заблуди - XIV - Други заблуди <meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:relyonvml/> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> 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mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:54.0pt; text-indent:-36.0pt;} ol {margin-bottom:0cm;} ul {margin-bottom:0cm;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="RU"><span style="">XIV.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">Други Заблуди.</span><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="RU"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<span style=""> </span>Заблуди, не попаднали в използваната класификация на логическите заблуди.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Заблуда на едновременността (</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">cum hoc ergo propter hoc</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">) .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>Търси се каузална (причинно-следствена) връзка между събития или явления, появили се едновременно, т.е. корелацията се приема за каузалност. Тъй като каузалността включва неявно (имплицитно) времето в своята дефиниция, това е логическа заблуда.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Има пушачи, които живеят дълго, следователно пушенето не вреди.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Това е едновременно заблуда на непредставителната извадка (колко от пушачите живеят дълго) и заблуда на едновременността (да пушиш и живееш дълго не означава, че живеш дълго, защото пушиш).<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Много мъже се будят с ерекция, следователно събуждането им я е причинило.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Това<span style=""> </span>е едновременно заблуда „от паралелизъм” (две паралелни следствия на една причина – едни<span style=""> </span>същи биохимични процеси причиняват и двете явления) и заблуда от едновременност (събуждането и ерекцията се случват едновременно, но едното не причинява другото).</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Всеки път, когато затворим и отворим очи, светът се е променил.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Светът не ни чака да си затворим очите, за да се променим, той се променя независимо от нас, ние само отбелязваме неговите промени по този начин.</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Заблуда на състоянието. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>Съди се за сегашното състоояние на явлението, обекта или човека по предишни негови състояния – <i style="">отрицание на промените</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Щом си бил лош, винаги ще си останеш лош.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Авторът не приема, че читателят е в състояние да се промени</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<i style=""><o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) България е участвала в създаването на Европейската Цивилизация, следователно сме цивилизована страна.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Съди се за сегашното състояние на България по миналото и, а не по фактите (които могат да посочат който и да е вариант в общия случай).</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Веднъж грешен – винаги грешен.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Тук неявно се отрича свободата на избора.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">г) Сатаната е бил ангел в началото, следователно трябва да е добър и сега.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Обратна заблуда на състоянието. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>Съди се за предишни състояния на явлението, обекта или човека по сегашното му състояние – огледална форма на <i style="">отрицание на промените</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Щом имаш бицепс 48 см, то и като дете си бил неимоверно як.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Мускулът е развиван след 15-тата година на трениращия</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) България е бедна, съсипана държава, това означава, че винаги е била такава.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Сатаната е толкова лош, трябва винаги да е бил дявол.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Сатаната (като библейски персонаж) е бил ангел, преди да падне.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Истината е по средата. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>Избира се междинен случай на две противоречащи си твърдения като верен. Особено валидно за алтернативни твърдения „<b style="">А</b> или </span><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">B</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">”.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) <span style=""> </span>Учените твърдят, че Земята е кръгла, някои хора настояват, че тя е плоска,<span style=""> </span>следователно истината е някъде по средата.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Ерго, Земята е кръгло-плоска.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Моят учител ми каза, че 2+2=4, но на партийното събрание настояха, че 2+2 = 5, сигурно е някъде около 4.5, 4.6.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Мама ме е учила, че кражбата е лошо нещо, но приятелите ми твърдят, че е ок, ако нямам пари, или крада от много богати, сигурно кражбата е добро нещо, ако крада, когато нямам пари и от богати хора.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Кражбата е лошо нещо, независимо от мотивите и обектите на кражба, според ценностните системи, на които се базират демократичните общества и повечето религии.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> Лъчезар П. Томовhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11477535341699399087noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2360315058706913765.post-12599446278214446522009-01-17T09:07:00.000-08:002009-01-17T09:11:58.085-08:00Логически заблуди - XIII - Заблуди на избора<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:relyonvml/> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><!--[if gte mso 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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">Заблуди на Избора.</span><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="RU"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<span style=""> </span>На читателя се представя избор, който <span style=""> </span>е корумпиран по някакъв начин – непълен, твърде подробен, фалшив, неалтернативни избори, насочен избор, като по този начин авторът се стреми да управлява избора на читателите си.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Непълен избор .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>Представя се набор от алтернативни опции, които не изчерпват избора (съзнателно не се представят нежелани алтернативи). Това е обобщение на <i style="">фалшивата дилема</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) В природата има три цвята – синьо, червено и зелено.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. В природата има безкрайно много цветове, получени чрез смесване на тези три цвята (оранжево небето, оранжево детето....)</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) В политиката и само ляво, дясно и център.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. В политиката има най – различни доктрини и ценностни системи – републиканци и демократи (САЩ), консерватори и либерали (ВБ), Християндемократи, Християнсоциалисти, зелени и т.н. (ФРГ), т.е. има много други оси на разделение освен „ляво, дясно и център”.</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Кафето се пие със сметана, мляко и захар (в някаква комбинация от тези трите).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Има и „ирландско кафе” (с уиски).<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Твърде подробен (необобщен избор) .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>Представя се набор от алтернативни опции, като част от тях са обобщими в една опция, но целенасочено се<span style=""> </span>представят максимално подробно, за да се затрудни (обърка) изборът на читателя (той да спре да разглежда опциите поради твърде големия им брой и сам да изключи част от тях от избора си).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Общ, абстрактен пример: Дават се опциите:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Клас 1,<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Клас 2,<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Клас 3<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Класът на Елемент 1, <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Класът на Елемент 2,...<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">... Класът на Елемент </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">N.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Клас5.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Всички тези елементи принадлежат на Клас 4, но се представят подробно, за да не стигнем до Клас 5 от нетърпение или липса на време.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Скъпи, къде искаш да отидем на ваканция? Америка, Африка, Азия, Англия, България, Чехия, Унгария, Лихтенщайн...(изброяват се всички държави), Австралия?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Всички други континенти се представят само с името си, а Европа се изброява подробно, за да не стигнем до Австралия.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Анкета за гласуване: За кого бихте гласували на парламентарните избори?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">БСП<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">НДСВ<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ГЕРБ<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ВМРО... (изброяват се също всички регистрирани български партии, вкл и такива (около 90% от регистрираните)), които никога не са вкарвали <span style=""> </span>депутат в парламента)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">...ДСБ<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Целта е да не се стигне до ДСБ в анкетата, вместо да се обобщят партиите без подкрепа в графата „други”.</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Фалшив избор .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>Представя се набор от алтернативни опции, като част от тях са фалшиви (неверни твърдения). Най – често фалшивият избор е и непълен избор (заместване на нежелани опции с фалшиви), но може да бъде и пълен, като фалшивите опции са „по - привлекателни” от истинските.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) <span style=""> </span>Можеш да избереш между сегашните парламентарно представени партии , извънпарламентарните, които си чувал, или Партията на Българските Мъже.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Доколкото авторът знае Партия на Българските мъже не съществува.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) От всички милиони цветове най – хубав е цветът на магията, избери него.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Можеш да похарчиш парите от заплата, при което няма да имаш печалба, можеш да ги спестиш в банка и да взимаш малка лихва, а можеш да ги дадеш на мен и аз ще ти дам 300 % годишна лихва.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. И с тези 300 %, след обезценяването парите ти ще са 10% от началната сума. </span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Неалтернативен избор .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>Представя се набор от неалтернативни опции, което означава, че <span style=""> </span>изразът „<b style="">А</b> или </span><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">B</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> или </span><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">C</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US"> …</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">” нелегитимен, защото <b style="">A</b> не изключва <b style="">B</b>, или </span><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">B</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> не изключва </span><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">C</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US"> и</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> т.н. Една от формите на неалтернативен избор е някаква форма на йерархия между опциите (птица или щъркел?). Неалтернативен избор е допустим за случаи, в които явно е пояснено, че е такъв, тъй като наборът от опции се възприема неявно от читателя като списък от алтернативи.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Крокодилът е или дълъг, или зелен. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Крокодилът<span style=""> </span>може да е едновременно дълъг и зелен</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Успешните политици са или десни, или почтени.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Политиците могат да бъдат едновременно десни и почтени.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Какво би предпочел да хапнеш – морска храна, риба или раци?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Морската храна включва едновременно и риба и раци. Тя не е алтернатива на рибата и раците, но рибата и раците са алтернативи една на друга.</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Неуместен избор .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>По – силна форма на неалтернативен избор, при която опциите нямат връзка с критерия за избор (когато има такъв), или критерият е неопределен.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Можем да избираме между три политически системи – демокрация, диктатура и анархия.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Анархията<span style=""> </span>в смисъл на абсолютна свобода е отрицание на реда и политическите системи. Абсолютната свобода е постижима само при отсъствие на ред, тъй като редът е ограничение за свободата, а система без ред също не може да има, тъй като включва реда в себе си (набор от взаимовръзки между елементите).</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Какво е правилно да се направи, за да се помогне на хората?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Да се пусне хвърчило,<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">да се ходи на фитнес,<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">да се пишат доклади, <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">да се сънува цветно.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. В този пример опциите<span style=""> </span>нямат връзка с критерия за избор.</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Подходящата жена е:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Блондинка,<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Брюнетка,<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Красива,<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Умна,<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Смела,<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Мъж.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Тук имаме комбинация от заблуди на избора – неалтернативен избор, опция не отговаряща на критерия, неопределеност на критерия (подходяща за какво?).</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Насочен избор .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>Насочен избор представлява явно подвеждане на избора при задаване на критерий за избор. Свързано е с употреба и на други логически заблуди (Съдене на читателя, argumentum ad baculum), използвани като инструмент за насочване. Един от вариантите е да се направят всички алтернативи приблизително еднакво лоши (комбинация с неалтернативен избор), така че предложената от автора алтернатива да бъде приета по – лесно. Частен случай е отказът от избор, когато<span style=""> </span>се предлагат еднакво лоши алтернативи с готов извод „няма смисъл да се избира”. Отказът от избор е насочване към неявен избор (контекстен, не е посочен предварително).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Какво би избрал да направиш – да отидеш да протестираш, знаейки, че е безсмислено, или да си останеш на работа, с което ще си помогнеш в кариерата?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Добавянето на изразите „знаейки, че е безсмислено” и „с което ще си помогнеш в кариерата” е опит да се направят изводи вместо читателя, като по този начин предварително не му оставят избор, ако той вярва на написаното.</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) „Всички са маскари”, така че, защо да не бъдеш един от нас?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Щом е все едно и също, защо не избереш моя вариант?<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Би ли избрал свободата, която те убива, робството, което бавно те убива, или службата за мен, която ще те спаси?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Отново се предоставят готови изводи, освен това другите опции са еднакво лоши.</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">г) Всички жени са леки, няма смисъл изобщо да се занимаваш с жени.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Тук контекстният (неявен) избор според случая е „занимавай се с мъже”, или „не се занимавай изобщо с нищо полово” и др.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> Лъчезар П. Томовhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11477535341699399087noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2360315058706913765.post-63476292143808665822009-01-01T03:20:00.000-08:002009-01-01T03:24:29.903-08:00Логически заблуди - XII - Заблуди на дефинициите<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:relyonvml/> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5C3EA5%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><!--[if gte mso 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mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:54.0pt; text-indent:-36.0pt;} ol {margin-bottom:0cm;} ul {margin-bottom:0cm;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="RU"><span style="">XII.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">Заблуди на дефинициите.</span><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="RU"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<span style=""> </span>Дефиниция на дефиницията не може да бъде дадена, достатъчно е да се спомене, че за да се използва дадено понятие, то трябва да се дефинира, да се обясни какво точно е то. Дефиницията не трябва да е нито твърде обща (дефинираме понятието чрез свойства притежавани и от други понятия), нито твърде частна, че да изключи важни, определящи свойства на понятието. Дефиницията трябва да бъде и достатъчно проста, за да има смисъл от нейното използване (да не бъде по – сложна от понятието, което се опитваме да дефинираме) и да не дефинира понятието чрез понятието<span style=""> </span>- какъв смисъл има, ако дефиницията не носи информация, напр. – „пъпешът е пъпеш”?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Твърде обща дефиниция .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>Дефиниция, която не определя еднозначно предмета (думата, понятието), като изброява признаци и свойства, оставящи място за много други предмети, думи или понятия, които могат да се опишат с тях, без да се цели това. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Съвест е нещо, което те кара да стенеш нощем.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Еротичният сън може да направи същото нещо</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Дините са едри, кръгли и твърди.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Очевидно има и други едри, кръгли и твърди артефакти.</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Една фигура е правоъгълник, ако има две по две равни страни.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Такива фигури са и успоредниците. Тук е изпуснато да се добави основното – правите ъгли, както подсказва самата дума.</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">г) Любовта е притегателно чувство.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Любопитството – също.</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Твърде частна дефиниция .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>Дефиниция, която включва признаци или свойства, които не бива да включва и които изкуствено стесняват обхвата и.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) <span style=""> </span>Небето е синьо (част от дефиницията).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Небето е розово на изгрев и залез слънце, тъмно през нощта, сиво, бяло или дори черно ако имаме облачност и т.н.</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б ) Нещо, в което няма кючеци или гьобеци, не е български фолклор.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. По – скоро е обратното – българският фолклор няма такива танци, каквото и да ни уверяват чалга изпълнителите.</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">г) Порнографските филми са филми с нестандартен секс.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Това е едновременно твърде обща и твърде частна дефиниция – твърде обща, защото има филми със секс в тях, които не се считат за <o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">порнографски <o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(сексът е завоалиран и в контекста на сюжета) и твърде частна, защото има порнографски филми и със стандартен секс (показан реалистично т.е. – едно към едно).</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Твърде сложна дефиниция .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>Дефиниция, която <span style=""> </span>е по – сложна от дефинираното понятие, което елиминира смисъла на дефиницията (опит да разберем понятието по - добре).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Нещо е контрабутарно, само ако е релитантно.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Един неясен термин, обяснен с друг неясен термин.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Един човек е умен, когато е с висок интелектуален потенциал.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. По – просто понятие, обяснено с по – сложно.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Взаимовръзката е релация.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Добро утро!<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Кръгова дефиниция .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>Кръговата дефиниция или <i style="">затворената в себе <span style=""> </span>си дефиниция</i> представлява дефиниране на дадено понятие чрез самото понятие, или обяснение, чрез което се достига отново до понятието.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Приматът е примат, ако родителите му са примати.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. В дефиницията реферираме понятието.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Човекът е човек, когато е човек.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Тъй като човекът е винаги човек, оттам следва, че е човек винаги, защото е човек. Съвършено информативна дефиниция.</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Любовта е обич.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Разбира се, че е така, но какво ново има в тази дефиниция?<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Противоречива дефиниция .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>Дефиницията включва в себе си взаимно – противоречащи си или несъвместими твърдения или самата дефиниция противоречи на понятието, което дефинира.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) <span style=""> </span>Човекът е напълно свободен, когато отговаря лично за постъпките си.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Хубава мъдрост, стои добре като цитат в началото на философска книга, но свободата и отговорността си противоречат – той не може да е свободен, когато неговите действия са ограничени от техните последствия. <o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) "Войната е мир. Свободата е робство. Невежеството е сила" – Джордж. Оруел, 1984.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Дефинират се понятия чрез техните обратни понятия.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в)<span style=""> </span>Добрият човек е добър за себе си и близките си и лош за останалите хора.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Тук имаме едновременно кръгова дефиниция и противоречива дефиниция – кръгова, защото понятието „добър” се използва в дефиницията за него и противоречива – защото добрият човек не може да бъде лош, което е обратното понятие – ако си добър за някои и лош за всички, няма как да си добър изобщо.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> Лъчезар П. Томовhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11477535341699399087noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2360315058706913765.post-47089832799397173252008-12-28T11:33:00.000-08:002008-12-28T23:47:02.615-08:00Логически заблуди - XI - Заблуди на обясненията<span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="RU"><span style="">XI.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">Заблуди на обясненията </span><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="RU"><o:p></o:p></span> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>Обяснението е форма на разсъждение, при което се дава отговор на въпроса „Защо?”. Добрите обяснения се базират на научни или емпиричени теории. Едно обяснение на въпроса<span style=""> </span>„Защо водата замръзва при 0 градуса по Целзий” ще включва физикохимичните свойства на водата, а не обяснение от типа „Защото Бог иска така” или „Водата замръзва при 0 градуса, защото не замръзва при 1 градус”.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p style="text-indent: -18pt;" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Обяснение на лъжлив феномен .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></strong></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>Дава се обяснение на феномен, който не се случва в действителност.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></strong></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>а) Причината, поради която рибите могат да летят е, че имат издължено приплеснато тяло.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Рибите не могат да летят.<o:p></o:p></span></em></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б)<span style=""> </span>Парламентът отказа да гласува коледни премии за депутатите, защото съзнава отговорността на<span style=""> </span>народните представители пред хората в навечерието на икономическата криза.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. В действителност парламентът гласува коледни премии за депутатите.<o:p></o:p></span></em></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Иван Костов не подпомага благотворителността, защото е мръсен, долен циганин.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. В действителност той получи награда за особени заслуги към Българския Червен Кръст</span></em><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> -<a href="javascript:void(0);/*1229725142829*/" target="_blank"> </a></span><a href="http://www.focus-news.net/?id=n1099170" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.focus-news.net/?id=n1099170</span></a></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">г) Данко отказа да пие ракия, защото не харесва Дочо.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Данко в действителност се напи като свиня.<o:p></o:p></span></em></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p style="text-indent: -18pt;" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Лъжливо обяснение на феномен .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></strong></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>Дава се обяснение на феномен, като обяснението е невалидно, защото не представлява истина, отместено е (за статистически обяснения – няма представителност на извадката) или е ad hoc, т.е за специфични цели, не е обобщимо или приложимо в други случаи. По този начин не може със сигурност да се твърди, че самият феномен всъщност се случва, поради невалидни обяснения.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></strong></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style=""> </span>а) Всички металисти са побойници, защото нямат цел в живота и пият твърде много. (Знам го защото познавам двама такива).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Тук изводът е въз основа на лични впечатления от само двама индивиди, които пият, нямат амбиции и са побойници.<o:p></o:p></span></em></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Правителството е добро за хората, защото на мен ми помогна да забогатея.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Правителството е помогнало на дадения човек и на още 1 % от населението да забогатее, останалите 99% са обедняли. Типичен пример за a</span></em><em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">d hoc .</span></em><em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Футболистите на Левски са некадърни, защото никой от тях не е успял в чужбина.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Аргументът „никой от тях не е успял” е неверен, защото има пример за успял футболист – Мариян Христов, станал шампион на Германия, нещо, което не е повторено от друг български футболист досега.<br /><br /></span></em><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Недоказуемост на обяснението .<o:p></o:p></span> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></strong></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>Дава се обяснение на феномен, като обяснението е недоказуема теория, защото не може да бъде емпирично проверена (опитно). Такава теория не може да даде предсказания за бъдещо поведение (добра теория е теорията за големия взрив, която не само обяснява появата на Вселената, но и предсказва бъдещото и развитие) или предсказва появата на събития, които биха се появили дори тя да не е вярна.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></strong></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Причината Слънцето да изгрява е вярата на хората в него.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Слънцето би изгряло и да не вярват в него. Пример за феномени, които се случват независимо от теорията.<o:p></o:p></span></em></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) <span style=""> </span>Правителството на ОДС е виновно за кризата в Косово, защото подкрепи американската и европейска позиции срещу Милошевич.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Намесата на САЩ и НАТО бе неизбежна, независимо от позицията на българското правителство.</span></em><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Хвърлих десет поредни пъти ези, защото имах късмет. Когато продължих хвърлянията до сто, късметът ми ме изостави и общо имах 49 пъти ези.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Вероятността да се падне ези е 50%. В малка серия е възможно всичко, вкл и десет пъти поред ези или тура. В по – големите серии действа законът за големите числа, т.е. съотношението (брой хвърляния ези)/(брой хвърляния тура) се приближава до 1. Късметът би могъл да е фактор за малка серия, но теорията не може да бъде тествана, защото със или без късмет съотношението ще е приблизително същото (т.е. факторът късмет постепенно клони към нула в тежестта на събитията). Друго съображение е, че абсолютно всяка поредица от хвърляния може да бъде обяснена с късмет или липса на късмет, а теория, която се нагажда според случая не може да бъде тествана.</span></em><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">г) Целият свят съществува поради волята на Всемилостивия Аллах.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Тази теория не може да бъде тествана, тъй като всяко доказателство, което би могло да я опровергае ще трябва да бъде създадено от Всемилостивия Аллах според теорията.</span></em><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p style="text-indent: -18pt;" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Ограничен обхват на теорията .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></strong></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>Теорията може да обясни само един много частен случай и не е обобщима (</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">ad hoc</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></strong></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Обществото отхвърля хомосексуалистите защото са много префърцунени.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Тази теория обяснява само за отхвърлянето на хомосексуалистите. Една по – добра теория би обяснила защо по принцип се отхвърлят различните. Хомосексуалистите може и да са префърцунени (приемаме го за простота на разглеждането), но по – важното е, че са различни от общоприетия стандарт и тяхното отхвърляне би се обяснило най – добре с това, което би обобщило теорията за по – широк клас от случаи (всички различни от стандарта).</span></em><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б ) Причината хората да не гласуват е защото са разочаровани от управляващите.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Това може да обясни негласуването само и единствено в България. В другите страни разочарованието от управляващите се изразява в гласуване за опозицията, а негласуването има комплексни обществени причини, които не са свързани пряко с разочарование от управляващите (образование, социален статус, малко значение на избора от гледна точка на избирателите в развитите държави и т.н.). </span></em><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p style="text-indent: -18pt;" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Ограничена дълбочина на теорията .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></strong></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>Добрите теории обясняват феномените с причините, които ги пораждат, т.е. имат дълбочина. Теории, които не обясняват състоянията зад феномена (причините, които са го породили), а само чрез членство в някаква категория имат ограничена дълбочина.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Опозицията гласува против закона защото е опозиция.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Тази теория не обяснява мотивите на опозицията, само твърди, че опозицията гласува против управляващите. Не се обясняват принципните разлики в убежденията между опозиция и управляващи (например социалните управляващи искат да вдигнат данъците за повече социална политика, а либералната опозиция иска по – малко държава и повече свобода, което означава по – ниски данъци.)<o:p></o:p></span></em></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Крокодилът живее дълго, защото е влечуго.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Това отново е категорийно обяснение (влечугите живеят дълго), което дори и да е вярно не обяснява причините за този дълъг живот. Едно истинско обяснение би засегнало въпроса за бавния метаболизъм на крокодила.</span></em><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Казваш, че небето е синьо, защото си от Левски.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. А какво е небето на цвят?</span></em>Лъчезар П. Томовhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11477535341699399087noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2360315058706913765.post-31472257825221698772008-12-28T11:24:00.000-08:002008-12-28T11:25:27.960-08:00Логически заблуди - X - Non Sequitur<span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="RU"><span style="">X.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">Non - Sequitur</span><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="RU"><o:p></o:p></span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. Заблуда при използване на невалидни аргументи, т.е. изводът не следва от аргументите.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Следствието потвърждава предпоставката .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>Формално: Ако <strong style="">A</strong> (е вярно) то <strong style="">B</strong> (е вярно). <strong style="">B</strong> (е вярно), следователно (и) <strong style="">А</strong> (е вярно). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Ако съм в София, съм и в България. Ако съм в България, то съм и в София<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. „Обратното в общия случай е невярно”. Очевидно е възможно да съм в България, без да съм в София, тъй като двете множества – софиянци и българи не са еднозначно съвпадащи (първото е подмножество на второто).<o:p></o:p></span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Ако планът против глобалното затопляне заработи, ще има спад в температурите. Тъй като има спад в температурите, то планът е приведен в действие.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Зима е.<o:p></o:p></span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Ако престъпността намалее, статистиките на МВР ще покажат спад на регистрираните престъпления. Тъй като статистиките показват такъв спад на регистрираните престъпления, то престъпността е намаляла.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. МВР може просто да спре да регистрира престъпленията, като си затвори очите, това обаче няма да ги накара да изчезнат (най – малкото за всички, освен за МВР).</span></em><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Отрицанието на предпоставката отрича следствието .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>Формално: Ако <strong style="">A</strong> (е вярно) то <strong style="">B</strong> (е вярно). </span><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">A</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Не е вярно, следователно (и) </span><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">B</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">н</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">е е вярно. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Ако съм в София, съм и в България. Не съм в София, следователно не съм в България.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Същото обяснение като а) на 38 – няма припокриване между София и България. София НЕ е България, София Е ЧАСТ ОТ България.<o:p></o:p></span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Пушачите умират млади. Следователно НЕпушачите НЕ умират млади.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Да си пушач помага да умреш млад, но не е задължително условие.<o:p></o:p></span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Костов е злодей, следователно Станишев (който не е Костов) е добряк (обратното на злодей). Твърдението може да се обобщи и за Живота, Вселената и Всичко Останало (всички, които не са Костов).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Дори Костов да е злодей, който не е Костов не е автоматически добряк, тъй като не само Костов е злодей (ако е злодей).<o:p></o:p></span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></em></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Несъстоятелност на аргументите (взаимно отричащи се) .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>Формално: Ако <strong style="">A</strong> (е вярно) и <strong style="">B</strong> (е вярно) то <strong style="">C </strong>(е вярно). <span style=""> </span>Всъщност </span><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">A</span></strong><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> = НЕ B</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">(A е обратното на <strong style="">B</strong> )</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">и тъй като не могат и двете едновременно да бъдат верни, то и изводът не може да бъде верен. Съществуват и други варианти на несъстоятелност, най<span style=""> </span>- общото правило за класификация е, че всички аргументи не могат едновременно да бъдат валидни (несъвместими).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) Пешо е по – трезвен от Гошо, Гошо е по – трезвен от Иван, а Иван е по – трезвен Пешо.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Според тази група от твърдения, Иван се оказва по – трезвен от себе си ( несъвместимост).</span></em><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Ако един човек е честен, но лъже понякога, той е добър по природа.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Да оставим извода настрана, човек не може да е честен и да лъже понякога, може само да е „честен понякога”</span></em><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> (отричащи се твърдения).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Върколаците се превръщат във вълци на пълнолуние и обратно в хора на слънце, следователно са хора през деня и вълци през нощта.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Пълнолуние има и през деня</span></em><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span>Лъчезар П. Томовhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11477535341699399087noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2360315058706913765.post-30291620905588809622008-12-28T11:22:00.000-08:002008-12-28T11:23:26.197-08:00Логически заблуди - IX - Йерархични заблуди<span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="RU"><span style="">IX.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">Йерархични заблуди.</span><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="RU"><o:p></o:p></span> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p style="text-indent: -18pt;" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Композиционна заблуда .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></strong></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>Композиционната заблуда представлява слагане на знак за равенство между цялото и сумата от неговите части, т.е. цялото не е повече от сумата на частите си, което<span style=""> </span>в общия случай е невярно предубеждение. „Цялото” може да бъде както обект, съставен от различни части, така и множество от елементи с различни свойства. Основната причина, това предубеждение да бъде невярно е, че то не отчита взаимодействията между елементите или частите на обекта, разглеждайки обектите и множествата чисто механично като съдове, пълни с частите или елементите. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) „Примерът на тълпата” – щом групата от хора е съставена от умни хора, то и тази група е умна като тях.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. В действителност интелектите на хората могат да се компенсират взаимно поради противоположни интереси или убеждения и от умни хора да се получи глупава тълпа.<o:p></o:p></span></em></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Камъните в стената са кръгли, следователно и тя е кръгла.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) Ако сложим 100 празни кутии в една стая то и тя ще е празна, защото е пълна с празни кутии. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Има противоречие в самото твърдение – как ще е празна, щом е пълна, макар и с празни кутии?</span></em><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p style="text-indent: -18pt;" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Заблуда от наследяване .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></strong></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Деф</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style=""> </span>Ако цялото притежава някакво свойство, то елементите или частите обезателно го наследяват от него (притежават го). По същество тази заблуда е обратна на предишната и е породена поради същите причини – не се отчитат взаимодействията на елементите/частите.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><strong style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Примери:<o:p></o:p></span></strong></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">а) <span style=""> </span>След като мозъкът продуцира съзнание, то всяка клетка в него също има съзнание.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Класически пример – взаимодействието на клетките поражда съзнанието.<o:p></o:p></span></em></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">б) Тази тухлена стена е ужасно твърда. Сигурно всяка нейна част е също така твърда.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Тухлите са твърди, но не и хоросанът.<o:p></o:p></span></em></p> <p style="margin-left: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">в) САЩ провеждат агресивна външна политика, американците трябва да са много войнолюбиви.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <em style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Заб. Не и хипитата, които спряха войната във Виетнам.</span></em>Лъчезар П. Томовhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11477535341699399087noreply@blogger.com0